memory Flashcards
what are the stages of memory
encoding
storage (semsory, short- term, long term)
retrieval
what is encoding
memory works by encoding the information in a form the brain understands and then it’s stored and then recall.
how do we encode information
see- visually
hear- acoustically
semantic- meaning of words
touch - tactile
smell - olfactory
what are the types of retrieval
free recall
cued recall
recognition
what is free recall
recall things with no help or clues
what is cued recall
you get a clue to help you remember
what is recognition
recognise right or wrong
what is LTM
unlimited capacity and unlimited amount of time and can be pulled out through retrieval
what is STM
7+-2 things for 30 seconds. and has limited capacity
what is sensory memory
information is stored for less than a second and also related to your senses
what are the types of LTM
episodic
semantic
procedural
what is procedural memory
memory of how to do things
what is episodic memory
memory of personal events and exxpriences from your life
briefly describe the Multistore model
. Explains how memory works and how information moves from one store to the other.
. Information from your senses goes into your sensory memory and lasts for a second, if you pay enough attention, the info moves to STM and if the info is rehearsed then it moves to LTM and you get the info out of your LTM through retrieval
Give one strength of the Multi store model following point, explain and link structure
.P- It’s supported by other studies that shows evidence of the diffrent memory stores
E- Baddley Study suggests we tend to mix up words that sound similar when using STM and we mix up words that have similar meanings when using LTM.
L- This shows the STM and LTM are two seperate memory stores because coding in STM is acoustic and coding in LTM is semantic
Give one weakness of Multi store Model
P- model is too simple
E - because it suggets there is only one store of LTM, whereas Tulving suggests we have Episodic, semantic, procedural
L - This suggests that our memory is far more complex than MSM proposed.
What is Primacy effect
when you remember words at the beginning of a list
what is recency effect
when you remember words at the end of a list
Describe (Aim, Method,Results,Conclusins) Murdock’s Serial position Curve Study
AIM- to see if memory of words was affected by the number of words, the person had to study
Method- Randomly selected words and tested this on a 103 Psychology students. Each student had 20 lists of words(listened to the words) and were asked to recall as many words as possible
Results - there was a higher recall of the first few words on the lists and the last few words on the list
Conclusions- The position of words on a list determines it’s likelihood of recall- serial position effect
Give one strength of Murdock’s Study
. his conclusions are supported by the research with amnesiacs. This research has shown that people who have amnesia and can’t store LTM, do not show a primacy effect. this confirms the primacy effect is related to LTM. This shows the study can help to explain real- life situations
give another strength of Murdock’s study
. done in a controlled environment, so they were no extraneous variables interfering with the dependant variables and he controlled familiarity of words, ensuring practice had no effect on participant outcomes. this means the study is reliable
Give one weakness of Murdock’s study
. Relies on Artificial task
. This is bad because, it only tells us about one aspect of our memory, even though we do lots of other things with our memory. Therefore this doesn’t relate to all the aspects of our life, so it lacks ecological validity
Describe Bartlett War of the ghosts study
Aim- to see how cultural expectations affect memory
method- showed participants the story on the left and asked them to reproduce 15min later, then he showed the new version to another person and asked them to recall it a short time later, and repeated this with further participants.
Results- The story was shortened by omissions, phrases were changed
Conclusion - We don’t remember details, we remember fragments and use our knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memry
Give one weakness of Bartlett’s Study
Results were biased as Bartlett’s own beliefs could have affected the way he interpreted the data and since he believed that recall would be affected by cultural expectation, he may be more likely to see this kind of effect in results. Therefore, we can’t fully trust the study
Give another weakness of Bartlett’s study
What is “effort after meaning”
we focus on the meaning of events. Afterwards we make an effort to interpret the meaning in more familiar terms
what is reconstruction
we record small pieces of information and later when recalling the event we recombine the pieces or fragments to tell the whole story
