cell biology and cell transport

Question 1

list three examples of eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

plant, animal, fungi

Question 2

list one example of prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

bacteria

Question 3

what is the function of the cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria

Answer 3

cell wall - supports the cell
nucleus- controls activities of the cell
mitochondria - where energy is released

Question 4

what is the function of cell membrane, ribosomes, permanent vacuole

Answer 4

where proteins are made
controls what goes in and out of the cell
filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

Question 5

what is the function of chloroplasts and cytoplasm

Answer 5

contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis
where chemical reactions take place

Question 6

what features do plant cells have that animal cells dont

Answer 6

cell wall, chloroplats, vacuole

Question 7

what are the features of a bacteria cell

Answer 7

plasmids, Dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagellum, cell wall, cell membrane,

Question 8

what are plasmids

Answer 8

this are rings of DNA

Question 9

why is iodine added to a specimen

Answer 9

the iodine is used as a stain to higlight objects in a cell

Question 10

what is magnification

Answer 10

this is making something look larger than it is

Question 11

what is resolution

Answer 11

being able to distinguish between two points on an object rather than it appearing as one

Question 12

what are specialised cells

Answer 12

cells have adaptations that help perfom a particular function

Question 13

what is differentiation

Answer 13

process by which a cell becomes specialised

Question 14

list three examples of specialised animal cells

Answer 14

muscle,sperm, nerve

Question 15

list the adaptations of the muscle, nerve, and sperm cell

Answer 15

muscle cells- lots of mitochondria to help transfer energy
sperm cells- long tail to swim to egg, lots of mitochondria to give energy to swim and fertilise
nerve - dendrites recieve messages from the cell
axons transmits messages from the cell
long and has branched connections

Question 16

what is the function of the sperm, muscle, nerve

Answer 16

sperm - fertilise egg
nerve - carry eletric impules around the body
muscle- contracts to move parts of the body

Question 17

list the examples of specialised plant cells

Answer 17

root hair, xylem , phloem

Question 18

what are the adaptations of the root hair, xylem, phloem

Answer 18

root hairs give large surface area and there also thin to give a short diffusion path
xylem- lignin strenghtens the cells
phloem - sieve tubes

Question 19

functions of xylem, phloem, root hair cells

Answer 19

transport water and minerals around the plant,
transports dissolved sugars around the plant
absorbs water and minerals

Question 20

what is binary fission

Answer 20

one bacteria cell splits into two bacterial cell

Question 21

does bacteria normally multiply every 20,50 or 70 minutes

Answer 21

20

Question 22

what are factors we need to have so binary fission can take place

Answer 22

temperature and availabilty of nutrients

Question 23

describe how to prepare an uncontaminated culture medium

Answer 23

sterilize culture medium and petri dish with heat to kill microorganisms. sterlize innoculating loop with heat. tape the lid of the petri dish to avoid microorganisms entering from the air. store petri dish to avoid condensation falling onto agar surface.

Question 24

what is zone of inhibition

Answer 24

area where bacteria hasn’t grown

Question 25

what are the two types of culture mediums

Answer 25

nutrient broth solution, agar jelly

Question 26

what temperature do we normally incubate bacteria at in schools

Answer 26

25 degerees celsius

Question 27

how to investigate the effect of antibiotics on bacteria

Answer 27

put paper soaked in different concentrations of antibiotics with bacteria onto agar. use a controlled disk not soaked in antibiotics. laeve for 48 hours at 25 degrees. measure diameter of the inhibition zones

Question 28

what are chromosomes

Answer 28

this are long lengths of DNA that carry genes

Question 29

what are genes

Answer 29

small sections of DNA that are found on a chromosome.

Question 30

role of genes

Answer 30

carry out instructions needed to make proteins

Question 31

how many pairs of chromosomes does a human have

Answer 31

23 pairs

Question 32

what are gametes

Answer 32

sex cells like egg and sperm

Question 33

how many chromosomes do gametes have

Answer 33

23 single

Question 34

what is the cell cycle

Answer 34

period when the cell begins to divide

Question 35

describe the process of mitosis

Answer 35

cell growth, DNA replication, chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell, chromosomes are pulled to different ends of the cell, nucleus divides, cytoplasm and cell membrane to form two new identical daughter cells

Question 36

what is mitosis

Answer 36

copies one cell into two

Question 37

what are some functions of mitosis

Answer 37

cell growth and development repair happens during asexual reproduction

Question 38

what are stem cells

Answer 38

undifferentiated cells that have not become speialised to perfom a specific function which means they can diffrentiate into differnt types of cells

Question 39

what are the types of stem cells

Answer 39

adult, embryonic, meristem

Question 40

where is one one place we could find adult stem cells

Answer 40

bone marrow

Question 41

where is the meristem found

Answer 41

tips of shoots and roots

Question 42

give pros of stem cell research

Answer 42

replace faulty genes wont be rejected by patient's immune system

Question 43

give cons of stem cell research

Answer 43

risk of carrying viral infections not ethical

Question 44

what is diffusion

Answer 44

the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Question 45

give a place diffusion can occur in the body

Answer 45

oxygen moves from a high concentration in the lungs to a low concentration in the blood.

Question 46

what are the factors that affect diffusion

Answer 46

temperature, concentration gradient, surface area

Question 47

what does a large surface area, high temperature, greater concentration gradient affect diffusion

Answer 47

increase the rate of diffusion

Question 48

what is osmosis

Answer 48

the movement of water from a higher to a lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane

Question 49

what happens to an animal cells that absorbs or loses water

Answer 49

it can swell and could burst it can shrink and become flaccid

Question 50

what happens to a plant cell that gains water or loses water

Answer 50

it can swell but it's cell wall keeps from bursting therefore making it turgid it can shrink

Question 51

what is active transport

Answer 51

movement of mineral ions from lower to higher concentration against the concentration gradient. it also requires energy

Question 52

where does active transport occur in plants

Answer 52

plants absorb mineral ions from the soil

Question 53

what is the role of the alveoli

Answer 53

for gas exchange in lungs

Question 54

what are some the adaptations of alveoli

Answer 54

large surface area, good blood supply, moist lining for dissolving gases, thin walls

Question 55

what are some adaptations of a leaf and gills of fish

Answer 55

many stomata on lower surface gill filaments increasing the surface area

Question 56

what is a light microscope

Answer 56

They use the beams of light and lenses in order to magnify a living object to create an image.

Question 57

what is an electron microscope

Answer 57

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to make a magnified image.

Question 58

why are electron microscopes better than light microscope

Answer 58

higher magnification higher resolution