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Year 10 > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

what are pathogens

A

this are microorganisms that can enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what are the types of pathogens

A

virus, bacteria, protists, fungus

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3
Q

how do viruses make us feel ill

A

virus invades the host cell and then the virus uses the host cell machinery to makes copies of itself inside the host cell and then burst releasing new viruses. this then damages the cell

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4
Q

give an example of a virus

A

HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

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5
Q

how does bacteria make us feel ill

A

Bacteria may produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill and they reproduce rapidly

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6
Q

what is an example of a bacteria

A

salmonella causes food poisoning

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7
Q

how do protists make me feel ill

A

they have vectors that tansmit the pathogen onto the host

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8
Q

what is an example of a disease associated with protists

A

malaria

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9
Q

how does fungus makes us ill

A

Fungi release spores into the air that can be inhaled.
Fungi spores can land on the skin and cause an infection

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10
Q

example of fungus

A

rose black spot

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11
Q

how can pathogens spread

A

water- drinking or bathing with dirty water
air- breathing in air droplets, coughing, sneezing
direct contact- touch of skin

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12
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella and how can they spread

A

Fever,stomach cramps,Chills Headache, vomiting
and they can spread through uncooked or contaminated food

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea and how does it spread

A

bacteria. pain when urinating, yellow discharge from penis or vagina, painful sex
unprotected sex, mother to child

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV and how can it be spread

A

flu like symptoms. spread through sex, sharing needles, mother to child

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of measles and how can it spread

A

rash, fever, cough
it can be spread through breathing- in air droplets

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot and how are they spread

A

Black or purple spots on the upper surface of leaf, yellowing leaves, premature leave drop
they can be spread through primarily spread from leaf to leaf and plant to plant by wind

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus and how can they spread

A

yellow leaves, mosaic pattern on leaf
spread through: TMV can spread when people who have handled infected plants touch healthy plants, Plant-to-plant

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18
Q

symptoms of malaria and how they are spread

A

fever, chills, vomitting, diarrhoea,
spread through female anopheles mosquito as vectors

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19
Q

how can we prevent the spread of pathogens

A

isolation, vaccination, hygiene

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20
Q

how does the nose act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

nose- mucus traps microbes

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21
Q

how does the mouth act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

contains good bacteria that stop pathogens from growing.

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22
Q

how does the trachea and bronchi act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

mucus traps microbes and cilia sweep them away.

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23
Q

how does the stomach act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

hydrochloric acid kills bacteria

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24
Q

how does the reproductive system act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

vagina and urethra are very acidic

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25
Q

how does the skin act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

acts as a barrier and secrets antimicrobial compounds which can kill or stop the growth of pathogens.
when you are wounded the skin forms scabs

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26
Q

how does the tears in the eyes act as a non specific defense system for the body

A

they wash out pathogens and c ontain lysosyme

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27
Q

describe the three ways the white blood cells destroy pathogens

A

the white blood cell engulfs the pathogen and destroys it (phagocytosis)
the white blood cell produces antitoxins that neutralise the toxins.
the white blood cells produce antibodies that bind to the antigen on the pathogen and destroys the pathogen(lymphocytosis)

28
Q

what is a vaccination

A

it’s made of dead or weakened pathogens.

29
Q

how do vaccines work

A

when the dead pathogens are injected into the body the white blood cells (lymphocytes) produce antibodies that bind to the natigens and destroys the pathogen. The lymphocytes also create memory cells so that upon second exposure to the actual pathogen the white blood can remember the antibodies needed to destroy the pathogen and then the white blood cells produce antibodies at a faster rate to kill the pathogen.

30
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when a large proportion of people are vaccinated against pathogens this would reduce the spread of the pathogens

31
Q

what are antibiotics and how do they work

A

drugs that treat bacterial infections and they work by didtrupting the cell wall of the bacteria

32
Q

why cant we use antibiotics for viruses

A

viruses are too small and can hide inside their host cell

33
Q

where is digitalis extracted from and it’s use

A

fox gloves and is used in treatment of heart conditions

34
Q

where is aspirin extracted from and it’s use

A

willow and is a pain killer

35
Q

where is penicillin extracted from and it’s use

A

mold and it’s an antibiotic

36
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

when a bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics

37
Q

causes of antibiotic resistance

A

taking antibiotics too often
not finishing course of antibiotics

38
Q

what are pain killers

A

they relieve pain symptoms

39
Q

Describe how antibiotic resistance works

A

They are variety of bacteria in the body. What’s the antibiotic is administered into the body it starts killing off the susceptible bacteria slowly until he kills all the susceptible bacteria. You are now left with the resistant bacteria. Once you stop taking the antibiotics the resistance bacteria remain there and they start to reproduce into lots of resistant bacteria and when you take antibiotic again it has no effect on the bacteria

40
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

These are antibodies that can bind to one specific antigen and a produced from clones of hybridoma cells

41
Q

How Am are monoclonal antibodies produced

A

You inject a mouse with an antigen and then you extract B-lymphocytes from the mouse which would produce the antibody that you want to use.
You fuse the B-lymphocytes and tumor cells to form hybridoma cells. You then clone the hybridoma cells.
And this cloned hybridoma cells produce lots of antibodies and then you collect and purify.

42
Q

Explain the use of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests

A

Monoclonal antibodies are used to check whether there is HCG in a woman’s urine to determine if they are pregnant.
If the person is pregnant they will have hCG and their urine and if they are not pregnant they won’t have hCG In their urine

43
Q

Explain monoclonal antibodies in positive pregnancy test

A

If the person is pregnant the hCG and their urine will bind to the antibodies on the blue beads on the test kit so when the blue beads flow over the test strip hcg they are carrying binds binds to the fixed antibodies as well and the beads get stuck in one place by trapping lots of blue beads the entire strip appears blue

44
Q

Explain monoclonal antibodies in negative pregnancy test

A

Since the person is not pregnant there is no hCG in the urine which means there is not in to bind to the antibody on the test kit so they’ll be no color appearing

45
Q

Explain monoclonal antibodies in a pregnancy kits control window

A

The blue dyed beads with hCG attached to the antibodies are going to move down through the first test strip and go to the control window where it will bind with the antibodies in the control window causing the control window to turn blue even if the test is positive on negative.
If there is no color change in the control window it means that the test hasn’t worked

46
Q

Explain monoclonal antibodies in treating diseases specifically cancer

A

The monoclonal antibody binds with the anti cancer drug and then the antibody binds with the antigen on the tumor cells effectively killing the cancer cells

47
Q

Explain monoclonal antibodies in Elisa test (drug test)

A

We add the sample which contains the antigen to the well .we wash the well several times to remove any antigens that didn’t stick to the well. we then add an antibody specific to the antigen .we now wait for the antibody to stick to the antigen and then we wash to remove any antibodies that didn’t stick .we then add the second antibody which would bind to the first antibody. we wash again to remove any unbound second antibody. the second antibody had an enzyme we now add the substrate for that enzyme the enzyme converts the substrate into a colored product molecule if the if the test is positive there will be a color reaction.

48
Q

what are the features of a good medicine

A

efficacy- effective
safe
not toxic
optimum dosage

49
Q

what are the stages of drug testing

A

pre clinical and clinical trials

50
Q

what are the preclinical trials, explain this with the aid of the stages

A

stage 1 - drugs are tested on human cells and tissues.
stage 2- drugs are tested on live animals(mammals). this tests efficacy, toxicity and dosage on the drug

51
Q

what are clinical trials, explain with the aid of the different stages

A

Stage 1- give drugs to a small group of healthy volunteers at a low dosage and increase the dose slowly to find the optimum dose.
Stage 2- give drugs to people sick with the illness at a low dose and then slowly increasing the dose to find optimum dosage and this time with a larger sample.
Stage 3- only carried out on medicines that have passed stage 1&2 of the clinical trials. This sample size increased again, then further testing is done to see if it’s effective.
Stage 4- the safety, side effects and effectiveness on medicine continue to be studied while it’s being practiced.

52
Q

what is a placebo

A

fake drug

53
Q

why do we have double blind trials

A

to avoid experimental bias

54
Q

what has to happen before the results of drug testing and drug trials are published

A

they have to be peer reviewed

55
Q

what is a blind trial

A

only the doctor knows who is taking the placebo or drug

56
Q

what minerals do plants need

A

nitrates, magnesium

56
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

doctor and patient don’t know who is taking the placebo or drug

56
Q
A
56
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57
Q
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57
Q

what do nitrates do for plants and what are the symptoms that the plant expriences when the plant is deficient of nitrate

A

to make protein and therefore for growth.
stunted growth

58
Q

what does magnesium do for plants and what are the symptoms that the plant expriences when the plant is deficient of magnesium

A

making chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis
chlorosis (yellowing of leaves)

59
Q

what are the symptoms of plants getting a disease

A

.stunted growth. spots on leaves. patches of decay. abnormal growth. discolouration. malformed stems or leaves

60
Q

how plant diseases can be identified

A

through gardening manuals
taking infected plants to a lab to identify pathogen
using monoclonal antibodies to identify pathogens

61
Q

what are the physical defenses of a plant

A

waxy cuticle- barrier to stop pathogens from entering
cell walls (cellulose)- physical barrier
have layers of dead cells around their stem- barrier

62
Q

what are the chemical defenses of a plant

A

produce antibacterial chemicals that kill bacteria
other plants produce poisons which can deter herbivores

63
Q

what are the mechanical defenses of a plant

A

have thorns or hairs
leaves that droop or curl
some plants can mimic

Year 10 (7 decks)

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