organisation Flashcards
what is a cell
basic units of life
what is a tissue
group of cells that work together to perform a particular function
what is an organ
a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
what is an organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
what is an organism
a group of organ systems that work together to perform a particular function
what is digestion
breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules with the aid of an enzyme so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
what are the types of tissue in the stomach and explain
glandular tissues - produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
muscle tissue- contract and relax to mix and propel food through the stomach
epithelial tissue- helps to protect the stomach lining from the harsh acidic environment
explain the process of digestion
what are enzymes
protein molecules that act as biological catalysts
what are the types of enzymes
amylase, protease, lipase
what does amylase break down and the product after
starch into simple sugars
what does protease break down and the product after
proteins into amino acids
what does lipase break down and the after product
lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
where is the amylase produced and where does it work
produced- saliva, pancreas, small intestine.
works in- mouth, small intestine
where is the protease produced and where does it work
produced- stomach, pancreas, small intestine
works in - stomach, small intestine
where is the lipase produced and where does it work
produced- pancreas, small intestine
works in small intestine
what is the active site
this is where the substrate attaches to
what is a substrate
molecule the enzyme breaks down
describe the lock and key theory
enzymes are specific and the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site and they have to be complementary
where is bile made and where is it stored
made- liver
stored- gallbladder
what is the role of bile
neutralise stomach acid, emulsifies lipids
what is the effect of temperature on enzymes
as we increase the temperature, enzyme activity increases but if the temperature is increased past the optimum temp, enzyme activity rapidly drops to zero and active site is denatured.
how does ph affect enzyme activity
if conditions are too acidic or alkaline, enzyme activity drops to zero and active site denatures
what do you use to test for starch and what is the positive test
iodine
positive test- blue/black
what do you use to test for simple sugars and what is the positive test
benedicts
positive test- green(small sugar)
yellow(more sugar)
red(lots of sugar)
what do you use to test for proteins and what is the positive test
biurett
positive test- purple/lilac
what do you use to test for lipids and what is the positive test
Sudan III
positive test- mixture will seperate in two layers. top layer will be be bright red
what is blood
a tissue that transports substances around the body
what are the four components of the blood
white blood cell, red blood cell, plasma, platelets
what do white blood cells do
they can defend against pathogens and have a nucleus
. they can engulf microorganisms and digest them
. produce antibodies
. produce antitoxins
what are red blood cells and features
transport oxygen around the body. has haemoglobin which carries or binds with oxygen (oxy haemoglobin) . biconcave shape to give them a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
what is plasma
liquid part of the blood that carries everything
what are platelets
small fragments of cells that help the blood to clot and prevents excessive bruising and bleeding
what is the heart
an organ that pumps blood around the body
what are the four chambers of the heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
what is the role of the vein and it’s features
carry blood to the heart. wide lumen, thin walls, valves, low blood pressure, valves, less connective tissues
what is the role of the arteries and it’s features
carry blood away from the heart.
high pressure, thick walls, thick layers of elastic tissue, narrow lumen, connective tissue
what is the role of capillaries
exchange substances with cells, one cell thick, short diffusion path
describe the blood pathway
way of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via thevena cava, emptying into the right atrium
Blood flows down through a set of valves into the right ventricle. When the ventricles contract, blood travels up through thepulmonary arteryto the nearby lungs wheregas exchangeoccurs (and the blood becomes oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via thepulmonary vein, emptying into the left atrium. Blood flows down through a set of valves into the left ventricle. When the ventricles contract, blood travels up through theaorta,and to the rest of the body
why is the left ventricle thicker than the right
it pumps blood at high pressure around the body.
what is the role of the valves
to prevent the backflow of the blood.
what is the pacemaker
a group of cells found in the right atrium that regulates heart rate.
what are cardiovascular diseases
diseases of the heart and blood vessels
what are the coronary arteries
supply oxygen to the heart muscle
briefly describe coronary heart disease
build up of fat in the coronary arteries which narrows the lumen and restricts blood flow through the arteries resulting in lack of oxygen to the heart muscle
what are communicable diseases
they can spread from one person to another
what are non communicable disease
they cannot spread from one person to another
mention two treatments for coronary heart disease
statins and stents
what are statins and give pros and cons
drugs that lower your (bad) cholestrol. you have to take it for the rest of your life. side effects like liver probelms,
what are stents and give pros and cons
a wire mesh inserted into your arteries to widen the lumen and open it up. doesn’t treat the root cause of the problem. risk of blood clots. improved blood flow
what are the role of valves
to prevent the backflow of blood
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