psychology Flashcards
psychology’s goals include all of the following except:
predict, control, observe, description
observe
behaviors which are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement (even though they are actually unrelated) are often referred to as ____ behaviors
superstitious
if you were interested in exploring those thoughts, feelings and emotions which lie outside one’s awareness, you might be considered a student of _____ psychology
psychoanalytic
while growing up, susan often observed her mother having panic attacks in the presence of mice. as an adult, susan now responds with intense anxiety at even the thought of a mouse. this learning of an emotional response would be considered an example of
vicarious learning
which term describes a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as result of experience?
learning, conditioning, understanding, perception
learning
____ is best described as the study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior
positive pyschology
information gained through direct observation is known as
empirical evidence
in lecture, we describe operant reinforcement as being most effective when it ____ a correct response
rapidly follows
events that precede another event are called ____, while those that follow a response are known as _____
antecedents ; consequences
_____ is often referred to as the father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
what is psychology
the scientific study or behavior and mental processes
what is extinction
the weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement
operant conditioning aka instrumental learning is what
learning based on the consequences of responding
functionalisms effects on modern psychology were
bringing animals into the study, educational / industrial psychology
reactions to frustration include all of the following except:
displaced aggression, persistence, scapegoating, projection
persistence
a _____ believes they have a serious disease or illness even though there is no medical evidence of its presence
hypochondriac
if a person is under prolonged stress for an extended period of time, they ma experience a series of bodily reactions known as the _______
general adaptation syndrome
stress is typically considered more damaging when it is:
neither predictable, nor controllable
____ is an acquired inability to overcome obstacles and avoid aversive stimuli
learned helplessness
the idea that “happy workers are productive workers” demonstrates the importance of
psychological efficiency
_____ is the degree to which a person is pleased with his/her work
job satisfaction
____ are actions that increase the chances of disease, injury, or early death
behavioral risk factors
____ refers to the use of psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems
applied psychology
Mitch is an anxious and irritable individual who has poor eating and sleeping habits which leave him frequently ill. Mitch might be described as having a ____ personality
disease-prone
personality descriptions provided by a pseudopsychologies are are stated in general terms which provide “a little something for everybody”. this fact is the basis of
barnum effect
behaviorism
studied stimuli and responses, conditioning
gestalt
against analysis; studied whole experiences
Pscyhodynamic
interested in unconscious causes of behavior
Wudnt
used introspection and careful measurements
structuralism
mental chemistry and introspection
functionalism
interested in how the mind aids survival
cognitive
concerned with thinking, language and problem solving
the ____ fallacy involved attributing human feelings and motives to animals
anthropomorphic
classical conditioning, studied by the russian physiologist ______ is also referred to as _____ conditioning
Ivan Pavlov ; pavlovian
after you have aquired a conditioned response, it may be weakened by
removing reinforcement
three factors that greatly influence the effects of punishment are _____,_____, and ______
timing, consistency and severity
with respect to health, which of the following is not a major behavioral risk factor:
overexercise, cigarette smoking, stress, high bp
overexercise
students taking stressful final exams are more susceptible to the cold virus, a pattern best explained by the concept of
psychoneuroimmunology
which of the following is not a common reaction to frustration
ambivlance, aggression, displaced aggression, scapegoating
ambivlance
learned helplessness tends to occur when events appear to be
uncontrollable
theory X leadership, or scientific management, is concerned primarily with improving _____
work efficiency
t/f : for the majority of workers, job satisfaction is almost exclusively related to the amount of pay involved
false
critical thinking
the ability to reflect on, evaluate, compare, analyze, critique and synthesize information
pseudopsychology
false psychology / not based on scientific testing
functionalism
how the mind functions to adapt us to our environment / how the mind aids in survival
behaviorism
an observable behavior / study of stimuli and responses
associative learning
formation of simple associations between various stimuli
cognitive learning
higher level learning that involves thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation
negative reinforcement
when a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event that increases responding
positive reinforcement
when a response is followed by a pleasant or desirable event that increases responding
punishment
any event that follows a response with an aversive consequence and decreases the likelihood of it recurring
escape learning
making a response to end and aversive stimulus
stress
a mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment
general adaptation syndrome
series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress
burnout
a job related condition of physical, mental and emotional exhaustion
frustration
negative emotional state that occurs when people are prevented form reaching desired goals
defense mechanisms
habitual and unconscious mental processes designed to reduce anxiety
biofeedback
applying informational feedback to bodily control