Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Individuality & Abnormality > Psychological Treatment > Flashcards

Psychological Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychotherapy

A

It is a term covering the wide range of techniques used in an attempt to enhance psychological and emotional well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychotherapy isn’t just done by psychologist who else can administer?

A 
Social workers 
Counsellors 
Nurses 
GPs 
Psychiatrist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes a good therapist

A

Warmth to show you care
Ability to develop a good therapeutic alliance
Focus on the key issues
Able to align treatment approach with the person
Willing to get feedback from the client
Keep up to date with research

Behave in an ethical manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the scientist-practitioner model?

A

Scientist – practitioner psychologists embody a research orientation in their practice and a practice orientation in their research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Limitations of scientist-practitioner model?

A

If we focus on applying evidence based-practice, are we exploring new approaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory?

A

Founded by Freud

Assumes that psychopathology develops when people remain unaware of their true motivations and fears.
Claims people can be restored healthy functioning only when they become conscious of what has been kept unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two principles of psychodynamic theory

A

Insight-the clients capacity to understand their own psychological processes

Therapist – client allowance-crucial in effective change to the disordered psychological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 core beliefs of the psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Behaviour is driven by unconscious wishes, impulses, drives and conflicts
  2. There is a meaningful explanation/cause for abnormal behavior (discovered by therapist)
  3. Current issues are based on childhood experiences
  4. Emotional expression and reliving of past emotional experiences is crucial to overcome problem
  5. The symptoms will resolve themselves once the client understands and had emotional insight into the unconscious material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the stages of psychoanalysis (psychodynamic theory)?

A
  1. Free association
  2. Interpretation
  3. Dream analysis
  4. Resistance
  5. Transference
  6. Working through
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is free association (psychodynamic)

A

Encourages free reign to thoughts and feelings whilst verbalising what comes to mind.

Thought to uncover unconscious material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is interpretation (psychodynamic)

A

When unconscious material begins to surface, the therapist will point out the underlying meaning.

Need to reflect insights that the person has made themselves or on the verge of making. Can be claimed as their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is dream analysis (psychodynamic)

A

Dreams are interpreted in relation to what is occurring in life.

Tries to determine hidden meaning of dreams as dreams are thought to be the channel to the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is resistance (psychodynamic)

A

Blockages in free association arise from unconscious control over sensitive areas.

Targeted by the therapist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is transference (psychodynamic)

A

Client transfers feelings they have for a person with the therapist and engage in a relationship with the client that resembles a past experience.

Happens because therapy is highly intimate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is counter-transference (psychodynamic)

A

Where the therapist transfers their own emotional vulnerabilities onto the client.

Negative effect on the therapeutic relationship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is working through (psychodynamic)

A

Assisting the client in processing the information and insights gained during therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some criticisms of Freud’s theory?

A

Sample bias: rich, intelligent samples

Confirmation bias: selecting pieces of information that support claims and disregarding information that doesn’t

Expensive due to being long term

Lack of scientific rigour in some situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is humanistic-existential psychotherapy?

A

Requires insight

Believes that human nature is good and positive and that we all have the ability to reach our full potential.

Focus on phenomenology of the client: each person consciously experiencing the self, relationships and the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the aim of humanistic-existential psychotherapy?

A

Help people to get in touch with their feelings, with their true selves and with a sense of meaning in life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who had a large role to play in creating the humanistic-existential psychotherapy?

And why?

A

Abraham Maslow

Viewed psychology as being too concerned with disturbed or those who could be explained in mechanistic approaches (behaviourism).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain Maslows hierarchy of needs

A 
Psychological needs 
Safety needs 
Social needs 
Esteem needs 
Self actualisation

Work your way from psychological needs to self actualisation. Need to complete one level before the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is person-centred therapy?

A

Carl Rogers - humanistic-existential

Non-directive therapy - clients can use therapy however they choose. Assumed that clients will reveal important emotional patterns. With increased awareness and heightened sense of acceptance, people come to think more realistically, become more tolerant of others and engage in more adaptive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the core traits of the therapist in person-centres therapy?

A

Must be authentic and genuine

Must express unconditional positive regard (non-judgemental)

Must relate to the client with empathetic understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the Rogerian assumptions?

A

Healthy people are aware of their own behaviour.

People are good and they become disturbed when faulty learning intervenes

Behaviour is purposive and goal directed

Therapists should not attempt to manipulate events for the individual - rather they should create conditions which will facilitate independent decision making from the client

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is gestalt therapy?

A

Humanistic-existential approach
Fritz Perls

Believe that people with psychological difficulties are incomplete gestalts because they have excluded from their awareness the experiences and aspects of personality that trigger anxiety.

Need to accept responsibility for feelings.

Dysfunction is caused by individuals suppressing experiences and traits that are anxiety inducing therefore we need to recognise and except these to become an integrated whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does gestalt therapy suggest about dysfunction?

A

Through socialisation people become overly self controlling of the thoughts, behaviour and feelings in order to conform
In this process they lose touch with the inner self and this leads to dysfunction such as anxiety and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two techniques used in gestalt therapy?

A

Empty chair technique: provides opportunity to talk without risk

Two-chair technique: outlines both sides of the story as clients move from chair to chair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Basic principles of behavioural therapies?

A

Short term = inexpensive

Focusses on current behaviour and not on the past

Commences on a behavioural analysis

Targets problematic behaviours, cognitions and emotional responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Exposure therapy?

A

Used to treat phobias.

Involves confronting the client with the stimulus they fear.

Techniques include:

  • systematic desensitisation
  • flooding
  • virtual reality exposure

Prevented from leaving the stimulus until anxiety decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to anxiety overtime?

A

Anxiety reactions decay over time due to the energy requirements for maintenance
By preventing the capacity to flee or fight the person experiences anxiety decay and is therefore reconditioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

Involves pairing relaxation with imagery of anxiety provoking scenes or stimuli it is a counter conditioning process

Anxiety will level out and won’t be able to sustain it CBT gives the experience of anxiety going up and coming down again without escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is flooding?

A

Client is exposed immediately to feared experience

The therapist stops the person from engaging in their typical avoidance responses both behaviourally and cognitively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is virtual reality?

A

The client views computer generated images of the feared experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Modelling and skills training?

A

Learning theory (Bandura) has influenced heavily how clinical psychologists explain how disorders develop and how they’re treated

35
Q

What is modeling?

A

Children and adults model the behaviour of others often unconsciously

Can learn both maladaptive and adaptive behaviours

Client modelling the behaviour of the therapists can be used implicitly (children learn over time) or explicitly (role play etc)

36
Q

What are token economies?

A

Use star chart or similar to promote desired behaviour and discourage unwanted behaviour

Often used with children but can also be used in an adult setting

37
Q

Aversion therapies?

A

Pairing of unpleasant stimuli with unwanted behaviour
Not commonly used however still useful in some situations

Example. Tablets that cause unpleasant commuting if alcohol consumption occurs in alcoholics

38
Q

Criticisms of behavioural therapy?

A

Some therapies require a moderate-high level of motivation by client

Negative thoughts can be realistic

39
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of group therapy?

A 
Advantages: 
Cost effective 
Allows peer support 
Helps to normalise experience 
Can be done online or in person

Disadvantages:
People may be reluctant to share or may feel uncomfortable
May learn new maladaptive behaviours from others
Lack of personalised treatment

40
Q

Family therapy?

A

Group therapy but the family members of the group. Focused on all members.

41
Q

What is strategic family therapy?

A

Designed to improve communication between family members and to help them work together

42
Q

What is structural family therapy?

A

The therapist interacts with and observe the family and helps to change the way they interact

43
Q

What is the cognitive behavioural model?

A

Unhelpful behaviours (escape and avoidance)

Trigger (bodily senses eg heart rate)

Unhelpful thoughts (I’ll die, I’ll lose control)

Emotion (fear etc)

Unhelpful behaviours

44
Q

What is rational emotive therapy?

A

Emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves it is designed to eliminate the incorrect or irrational beliefs of a disturbed person through a process of rational examination of these beliefs

ABCDE theory

45
Q

What is the ABCDE theory

A

A: activating conditions
B: belief systems
C: consequences
D: therapist should encourage client to identify and dispute maladaptive thought processes
E: more effective cognitions will then lead to more adaptive behaviour

46
Q

What is Beck’s cognitive therapy?

A

Specifically designed for depression.

Believed depression is caused by the negative patterns in which individuals think about themselves, the world and the future

47
Q

Biological treatments?

A

Psychological disorders are believed to be the result of an organic pathology in the brain.

Can be structural (neuronal) or chemical (neurotransmitter imbalance)

48
Q

Pharmacotherapy?

A

Drugs that act on specific brain functions
Includes any pharmaceutical agent that is able to cross the blood brain barrier and exert a direct influence on the central nervous system cellular function

49
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A

Anti-anxiety medication
Valium, Xanax, Oscan, Ativan

Increase efficiency of GABA binding to receptor sores

50
Q

What is buspirone (Buspar)?

A

Antianxiety medication that stabilises serotonin levels

Other uses include depressive states

51
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Antianxiety medication that competes with noradrenaline at receptor sites that regulate heart and muscle function

Atenolol (tenormin), propranolol (inderal)

Also can be used to regulate blood pressure and heartbeat

52
Q

What are SSRIs?

A

Antidepressant
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin

Fluoxetine (Prozac), citalopram (cipramil), sertraline (Zoloft)

Also used for eating disorders, ocd and social phobia

53
Q

What are cyclic antidepressants?

A

Inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin

Amitriptyline (endep), imipramine (tofranil), nortriptyline (allegron)

Also used for panic and other anxiety disorders as well as pain relief

54
Q

What are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors?

A

Antidepressant

Inhibits the action of enzymes that metabolise noradrenaline and serotonin; inhibit dopamine

Also used for panic and other anxiety disorders

55
Q

What are mineral salts used for?

A

Used as a mood stabiliser.
(Lithium carbonate)
Decreases noradrenaline
Increases serotonin

56
Q

What are anticonvulsant medications?

A

Mood stabilisers.

Increase levels of GABA and inhibit noradrenaline re-uptake

Also used for bipolar disorder

Carbamazepine (tegretol), lamotrigine (lamictal) and sodium valproate (valpro)

57
Q

What are conventional antipsychotics?

A

They block post synaptic dopamine receptors

Chlorpromazine (largactil), haloperidol (serenace)

Also used for Tourette’s disorder and bipolar

58
Q

What are serotonin-dopamine antagonists?

A

Atypical antipsychotics.

Block activity of both serotonin and dopamine. Also affects noradrenaline and acetylcholine

59
Q

What are psychostimulants?

A

For attentional problems.

Release noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin in the frontal regions of the brain where attention and behaviour are regulated

60
Q

Potential side effects for antianxiety medication?

A

Drowsiness, dizziness, low BP and some are addictive

61
Q

Potential side effects of antidepressant medication?

A

Nausea, headaches, increased appetite, sexual dysfunction and drowsiness

62
Q

Potential side effects of mood stabilisers?

A

Weight gain, tremors, fatigue and digestive problems

63
Q

What are some potential side effects of antipsychotic medications?

A

Drowsiness, rapid heart beat, weight gain

64
Q

What are some side effects of psychostimulants?

A

Decreases appetite, sleep disturbances and headache. Some have risk of addiction

65
Q

What are some misconceptions about pharmacotherapy?

A

Not always necessary to treat a biological disorder with drugs. Non-pharmaceutical therapies can alter neuronbiology

Not a cure all.

66
Q

What is psychosurgery?

A

Involves the neurosurgical destruction of brain tissue to cure mental illness.

67
Q

What are labotomies?

A

We’re once carried out extensively to treat mental illness. Incisions in the brain

68
Q

What is capsulotomy?

A

Specific lesions to the brain to reduce the symptoms of severe medication resistant OCD

Side effects:
Weight gain
Some executive/short term memory function

50% good recovery

69
Q

What is ECT?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy.

Brief electrical current to patients head. They induce a seizure in the individual. Used typically for major depressive disorder that is unresponsive to other therapies.

70
Q

What is rTMS?

A

Repetitive trans magnetic stimulation

Similar to ECT but a magnetic pulse is used. Non invasive - patient remains conscious without pin relief or a recovery period required. Used for medication resistant major depressive disorder

71
Q

How successful is Becks cognitive therapy?

A

At least as effective as the use of anti-depressant medication in the acute phases.

Highly effective in reducing relapse

72
Q

How effective is cognitive therapy?

A

Successful except for in the cases of severe psychopathology such as schizophrenia

73
Q

What is deep brain stimulation?

A

Provides electrical pulses to specific areas of the brain via an implanted electrode

Initially used in Parkinson’s disease but now it is also used for OCD and MDD

74
Q

What are some cautions towards surgical treatments

A

Can have serious side-effects

Mechanisms of action remain unclear for ECT, DBS, rTMS

Only appropriate where other measures have failed and the person is continuing to experience significant and distressing levels of impairment

75
Q

How effective is psychodynamic therapy?

A

There is no clear evidence to show that the outcome of psychoanalysis is any better then would be achieved by doing nothing or by seeing another professional

Some evidence suggests that 5 to 10% become worse off

76
Q

How effective is pharmacotherapy combines with psychotherapy?

A

Becks cognitive therapy and anti-depressant medication when used alone are equally effective in treating acute phases of depression

When combining the two reduces the risk of relapse following the completion of medication

77
Q

What is eclectic psychotherapy?

A

Involves combining techniques from different therapeutic approaches to fit a specific clients needs

78
Q

What factors cause us to believe ineffective therapies are working?

A

Spontaneous remission-many disorders fluctuate or are cyclical

The placebo affect-just talking about the problem may lead to improvement

Self-serving bias-client may want to therapy to work and so many exaggerate improvement or downplay continuing issues

Regression to the mean-often extreme behaviours will naturally become closer to normal over time

Rewriting the past-clients may recall being much worse and they actually were does see improvement has been greater than it really is

79
Q

What are the three general principles the APS code of ethics

A

Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples

Propriety

Integrity

80
Q

What do good standards of practice require

A

Professional competence

Good and appropriate relationships with clients and colleagues
Observance of professional ethics

81
Q

What are the three things we need to protect according to ethics

A

The client, the clinician and the profession

82
Q

Assertion training?

A

Teaching people to respond to requests in an appropriate manner - not aggressively or submissively

83
Q

What is behavioural rehearsal?

A

Therapist uses role play to demonstrate and allow practice of behaviours

Individuality & Abnormality (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions