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Individuality & Abnormality > Mental illnesses > Flashcards

Mental illnesses Flashcards

1
Q

Define mental health

A

Capacity of an individual to behave in a way that promotes the emotional and social well-being

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2
Q

Define mental health problems

A

Wide range of emotional and behavioural abnormalities that affect people throughout their lives

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3
Q

Define mental disorder

A

A clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviours that cause distress to the individual and impair their ability to function as usual

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4
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

Mental health and related disorders are influenced by a number of factors it interlink

Biological factors include genetics, hormones, and neurotransmitters imbalances
Psychological factors include cognitive biases, coping skills and thought patterns
Social factors include social support, experience, trauma or stress

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5
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Diathesis: individuals possess internal factors which predisposes them
Stress: an environmental cue which triggers the mental illness

The greater the diathesis, the less stressors needed to trigger

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6
Q

What does statistical infrequency mean in relation to abnormality?

Limitations?

A

Behaviour or disorder is statistically rare in the population

However not all rare behaviours are psychological disorders and not all psychological disorders are rare

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7
Q

Explain personal distress in relation to abnormality

Limitations?

A

The person is experiencing relatively high levels of personal stress

not all distressed people are demonstrating abnormal behaviour such as grieving

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8
Q

Explain impairment in relation to abnormality

Limitations?

A

There is a reduced capacity to perform typical every day functions this can be evidenced by relationships social and occupational dysfunction

however other non-psychological disorders and personality traits such as laziness can cause impairment

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9
Q

Explain violation of norms in relation to abnormality

Limitations?

A

The person is displaying behaviours that aren’t socially appropriate

not all socially inappropriate behaviour is reflective of mental illness for example homosexuality was once considered a disorder

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10
Q

Explain biological dysfunction in relation to abnormality

Limitations?

A

There is a neurological impairment with empirical evidence supporting

some psychological disorders are learnt such as phobias

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11
Q

What are some diagnostic issues when it comes to mental illnesses?

A

Social context: Labelling behaviour is psychopathological when is socially inconvenient

Labelling vs diagnosing: creation of terms allegedly describing a disorder that has no evidence or support. Eg shopping compulsive disorder

Cultural differences: some disorders are specific to certain cultures however most are universal

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12
Q

What are some strengths of the DSM?

A

Atheoretical
provides strict criteria biopsychosocial approach
allows international consensus

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13
Q

What are some weaknesses of the DSM?

A

Validity of some disorders are questionable
comorbidity:is a really one underlying disorder?
categorical versus dimensional model

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14
Q

Explain panic disorder

A

Characterised by sudden and repeated feelings of terror and anxiety are high anxiety episodes that peak within 10 minutes

Includes four of the following:
Racing heart rate, difficulty breathing, chest pain, chest discomfort, hot or cold flushes, choking sensation, dizziness, fear of imminent death, numbness or tingling sensation, depersonalisation, nausea, abdominal discomfort, sweating, trembling, fear or loss of control or going insane

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15
Q

How common is panic disorder in men and women?

A

Men 2%

women 5%

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16
Q

Explain generalised anxiety disorder

A

Chronic excessive anxiety that occurs for at least six months

Can be characterised by at least three of the following:
Restlessness, feeling on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension & sleep disturbance

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17
Q

How prevalent is generalised anxiety disorder in men and women?

A

Men 2% women 3.5%

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18
Q

Explain a phobia

A

Chronic excessive fear that is cues by the presence of a specific object or situation

immediate anxiety which takes the form of a panic attack

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19
Q

Explain social phobia

A

fear of one or more social performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny

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20
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult

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21
Q

What is the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder

A
  1. exposure to a traumatic event which resulted in a response of intense fear helplessness or horror
  2. Persistent re-experiencing of the traumatic event
  3. Persistent avoidance of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event and a numbing of general responsiveness
  4. Persistent symptoms of general arousal
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22
Q

How long after the trauma will PTSD occur

A

Normally within three months

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23
Q

What is the prevalence of PTSD

A

General population 1 to 14%

high at risk groups are 3 to 58%

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24
Q

Explain OCD

A

Mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts causing distress and interference with everyday functioning

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25
Q

How prevalent is OCD

A

2 to 3% of the population and is more common in women

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26
Q

What are the three Cs of OCD

A

Cleaning counting checking

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27
Q

What is a depressive disorder

A

Characterised by disturbances to mood and emotion

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28
Q

Explain major depressive disorder

A

Requires the presence of depressive symptoms for at least two weeks

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29
Q

How prevalent is major depressive disorder

A

Women 10 to 25% and men 5 to 12%

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30
Q

What are the theories of cause of depression

A 
Life events/environmental factors 
interpersonal model 
behavioural model 
cognitive model (Beck)
learned helplessness (Seligman)
biological causes
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31
Q

What is the interpersonal model?

A

Behaviours associated with depression lead to increased social isolation and increased depression.

Depressed mood ➡️ excessive support seeking ➡️ increased pressure on relationships ➡️ avoidance/frustration in others

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32
Q

Symptoms of depression?

A
  • sad, depressed mood most of the day, everyday
  • loss of interest in usual activities
  • difficulty sleeping
  • shift in activity level
  • poor appetite and weight loss
  • increased appetite and weight gain
  • loss of energy
  • fatigue
  • negative self concept and feelings of worthlessness, self blame etc
  • difficulty concentrating
  • recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
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33
Q

What is the behavioural model of depression?

A

Lack of reinforcement when engaging in social or pleasurable activities leads to withdrawal this reduces the likelihood of reward even more they maybe positively reinforce for withdrawing such as others showing increased concern and empathy
therefore this model suggests that depression can be reduced simply by reingaging in social or pleasant activities although this may require considerable effort

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34
Q

What is the cognitive model of depression (Becks theory of depression)

A

Have a negative triad of world, self and future and therefore believes negative thoughts you begin to see things through a bias which leads to depression

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35
Q

Explain learned helplessness

A

Is a behaviour exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control

There is a bad aversive event that you can’t change which therefore leads to depression and then you believe you can’t do anything about the depression

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36
Q

What are the biological causes of depression

A

Twin studies indicate a medium effect of genes - people who have two copies of a stress sensitive gene are more vulnerable to developing depression following a stressful event

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37
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

Characterised by the presence of a manic episode and an episode of depression

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38
Q

How many people that have a bipolar episode have a second one

A

90% have a second episode

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39
Q

Is bipolar reoccurring

A

Yes

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40
Q

Are those with bipolar more likely to commit suicide

If yes, by how much

A

Those with bipolar are 15 times more likely to commit suicide than the general population

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41
Q

What does bipolar involve

A

An extreme increase in activity level, talkativeness, rapid speech, less than the usual amount of sleep is needed, distractibility & excessive involvement in pleasure activities that are more likely to have undesirable consequences

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42
Q

When does schizophrenia typically begin

A

Early adult hood in males typically 18 years old in females 25 years old

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43
Q

Do genetics influence the onset of schizophrenia

A

The risk of developing schizophrenia is a function of how closely an individual is genetically related to a person that has schizophrenia

Monozygotic twins and someone with two parents affected are at the greatest risk

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44
Q

How does the diathesis-stress model affect schizophrenia

A

People with an underlying vulnerability such as a genetic predisposition may develop it by experiencing additional stresses

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45
Q

What are the different types of hallucinations

A

Auditory: voices commenting or conversing

Somatic/tactile: (touch) feels as though someone is touching you

Olfactory: smelling things

Visual: seeing things

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46
Q

What are delusions

A

Strange beliefs that are maintained despite evidence they may be well formed or they may be weekly held

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47
Q

What is thought disorder

A

Tendency of thought to move along associative lines rather than being controlled logical or purposeful

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48
Q

What is derailment

A

Ideas slip off track to related ideas

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49
Q

What is circumstantiality

A

Stays on track but very delayed in reaching the end goal

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50
Q

What is distractible speech

A

Speech will change mid sentence in response to a distraction or stimuli

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51
Q

What is clang associations

A

Sounds govern word choice rather than meaning

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52
Q

Explain negative symptoms

A

A lack of something that the individual would normally have

Disappearance of abilities emotions or drives that are usually present

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53
Q

What is blunting

A

Unchanging expression

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54
Q

What is Alogia

A

Poverty of speech, increased latency of response

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55
Q

What is avolition

A

Poor hygiene and low motivation

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56
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Loss of enjoyment or interest

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57
Q

What are personality disorders

A

Disorder variations in personality

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58
Q

How are personality disorders grouped

A

Into clusters

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59
Q

What is cluster (A) of personality disorders

A

Odd and eccentric

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60
Q

Is the most common cluster (A) personality disorder

A

Paranoid personality disorder

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61
Q

What is paranoid personality disorder

A

A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.

Assuming that others intentions are malevolent

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62
Q

What are the symptoms of paranoid personality disorder

A

Preoccupied with doubts about loyalty or an trustworthiness of friends and family
Unwilling to confide in others
constantly bearing grudges
compliments are misinterpreted as criticism
jokes don’t go down
well reluctant to provide personal information
pathologically jealous

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63
Q

There any sex differences in paranoid personality disorder

A

There are no sex differences

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64
Q

Is the prevalence of paranoid personality disorder

A

0.5-2.5%

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65
Q

What are cluster (B) personality disorders

A

Dramatic emotional erratic

66
Q

What is the most common cluster (B)personality disorder

A

Borderline personality disorder

67
Q

What is borderline personality disorder

A

Long-term instability of relationships, self image and mood

68
Q

How prevalent is borderline personality disorder

A

2% of the general population and mainly females

69
Q

Is borderline personality disorder comorbid with anything

A

Mood and substance disorders

70
Q

What does borderline personality disorder include

A

Trying hard to avoid abandonment, unstable intense relationships, often swinging between idolising and devaluing the other person, unstable sense of self, chronic feelings of emptiness, short-term paranoid thoughts and anger problems

71
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder

A

Comes under cluster B

Is a long-term disregard for and a violation of the rights of others

72
Q

What does antisocial personality disorder include

A

A failure to conform to social norms, repeated lying, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for safety, lack of remorse

73
Q

How prevalent is antisocial personality disorder

A

.2 to 3.3% of the population and is most common in males

74
Q

What are cluster (C) personality disorders

A

Anxious and fearful

75
Q

What is an example of a cluster (C) disorder

A

Dependent personality disorder

76
Q

What is dependent personality disorder

A

A constant and extreme need to be taken care of that leads to submissive clingy behaviour and A fear of separation

77
Q

What does dependent personality disorder include

A

Difficulty making everyday decisions without others, fears disagreeing with others even when chance of anger is minimal, lack of confidence to initiate activity, takes extreme steps to get support from others, frantically seeking new relationships

78
Q

How prevalent is dependent personality disorder

A

0.4-0.6% of the population

79
Q

Is dependent personality disorder more prevalent in women or men

A

Females

80
Q

What is the most frequently reported personality disorder

A

Dependent personality disorder

81
Q

What is derealisation

A

The feelings of your surroundings are not real well that familiar places are new or unknown

82
Q

What is depersonalisation

A

The feeling you are not real living in a dream or watching yourself from the outside

83
Q

What do dissociative disorders disrupt

A

Consciousness memory identity perception

84
Q

What are the two types of Dissociatives disorder

A

Derealisation and depersonalisation

85
Q

What are the symptoms of depersonalisation disorder?

A
  • May feel robotic or as if lacking control
  • May feel detached from self, emotions, thoughts or specific parts of the body
  • to be diagnosed, the person must be experiencing clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning
86
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A

The forgetting of personal information, particularly surrounding a stressful event

87
Q

Criticisms of dissociative amnesia?

A

We normally have gaps in memory, intentional forgetting vs amnesia

88
Q

What is dissociative fugue?

A

Combination of forgetting personal life and actively removing oneself from setting

Eg. Moving to a new town

89
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

A

Experiencing two or more discrete identity/personality states, which alternative in control of behaviour

90
Q

What are the explanations for DID?

A

Post traumatic model:
Early trauma abuse has lead the person to develop multiple personalities to cope with stress

Sociocognitive model: questions the validity of having numerous personalities. Therapy often reinforces the idea that there are multiple personalities

91
Q

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

A class of disorders that commence during childhood or prenatal development

92
Q

What does autism spectrum disorder include?

A

Deficits in social communication and interaction:
Can’t engage in social emotional reciprocity, difficultly expressing and interpreting non-verbal behaviour, difficulty forming and understanding relationships

Restricted, repetitive behaviours, interests or activities:
Repetitive motor movements, insistence of sameness, inflexibility and ritualised behaviour
Narrow fixated interests

93
Q

What is the prevalence of Autism?

A

0.6-2%

94
Q

Is autism for common in males or females?

A

Males x4

95
Q

Is autism genetic?

A

Yes. It has a strong genetic component

96
Q

What is ADHD?

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Characterised by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that impacts daily functioning

97
Q

What are some components of inattention (ADHD)?

A 
Can’t pay close attention 
Doesn’t listen 
Fails to complete tasks 
Can’t organise tasks and activities 
Reluctant to engage in effortful mental tasks 
Loses materials required for tasks 
Easily distracted 
Forgetful in daily activities
98
Q

What are some components of hyperactivity (ADHD)?

A 
Restless 
Leaves seat in situations required to stay seated 
Runs or climbs in inappropriate situations 
Unable to play in a quiet manner 
Often on the go 
Blurts answers or interrupts 
Difficulty waiting their turn 
Interiors or intrudes on others
99
Q

What is the prevalence of ADHD?

A

2.3-6% of school aged people

100
Q

Is ADHD more common in males or females?

A

5-9x more common in males

101
Q

Is ADHD genetic?

A

Yes. Appears to run in families

102
Q

What are neurocognitive disorders?

A

A class of disorders where the main symptom is cognitive impairments

103
Q

What is dementia?

A

Umbrella term for a range of disorders where there is a steady decline in cognition that is irreversible.

104
Q

What is Alzheimer’s?

A

Type of dementia.

Degenerative brain disorder that involves progressive cognitive disorder.

105
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s

106
Q

How do you determine if someone has Alzheimer’s?

A

Can only be determined post-mortem as have to cut brain open to see

107
Q

So how do they diagnose Alzheimer’s if can only be determined after death?

A

Categorised into:
Probable Alzheimer’s disease
Possible Alzheimer’s disease

108
Q

What is probable Alzheimer’s disease?

A

If there is a family history and/or there is significant cognitive decline

109
Q

What is possible Alzheimer’s disease?

A

If there is no family history but there is a steady decline that can’t be explained by other medical history

110
Q

What is the average lifespan after diagnosis of Alzheimer’s?

A

10 years

111
Q

How prevalent is Alzheimer’s in 65+ y/os

A

13%

112
Q

How prevalent is Alzheimer’s in 85+ y/os

A

42%

113
Q

Is there any differences in prevalence between genders (Alzheimer’s)?

A

Tends to be more frequent in females

114
Q

What happens to the brain during Alzheimer’s?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

Senile plaques

Neuron loss (in specific regions)

115
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

Threads of protein that occur within a neuron

116
Q

What are senile plaques?

A

Deposits cased by debris from degenerating neurons and build up of protein

117
Q

Does Alzheimer’s have any impact on mood?

A

Depression, argumentative, restlessness, motor impairments, motor agitation and psychosis

118
Q

What are some causes of Alzheimer’s?

A

Genetic factors: there is strong evidence that a number of genes influence likeliness

Medical history: previous experience of a traumatic brain injury reduces the risk of developing

119
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

BMI = weight(kg)/height(m2)

120
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Intense fear of gaining weight and becoming fat - they have a distorted body image.
They are severely underweight with a BMI under 18.5

121
Q

What are the two types of anorexia nervosa?

A

Restricting type: weight loss accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting or excessive exercise

Binge eating/purging type: last 3 months, the individual has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating, or purging behaviour such as self induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives

122
Q

What is the prevalence of anorexia nervosa?

A

Less than 1% in the general population

123
Q

Is anorexia comorbid with anything?

A

Anxiety, mood and personality disorders.

Also higher suicide

124
Q

What are the physical consequences of anorexia?

A 
Low blood pressure 
Heart/kidney/gastrointestinal problems 
None mass density declines 
Dry skin 
Brittle nails 
Anaemia 
Hormone changes 
Hair loss 
Hair growth 
Electrolyte changes 
Amenorrhea
125
Q

What is bulimia?

A

frequent episodes of bing eating - seem out of their control

compensation for this includes vomiting, fasting or exercise

126
Q

are people with bulimia underweight?

A

No - they tend to be in a normal weight range or slightly overweight

127
Q

Are people with bulimia more likely to commit suicide?

A

Yes - their likeliness is 4% higher

128
Q

How many episodes are in mild bulimia?

A

1-3 per week

129
Q

How many episodes are in moderate bulimia?

A

4-7 per week

130
Q

How many episodes are in severe bulimia?

A

8-13 per week

131
Q

How many episodes are in extreme bulimia?

A

14+

132
Q

what is the prevalence of bulimia?

A

0.5% in males and 1.5% in females

133
Q

Is there anywhere that bulimia is less common?

A

less frequent in non westernised countries

134
Q

Demonic model?

A

Belief that mental illness was due to demonic possession it was prevalent in the middle ages but still exists

135
Q

What is the medical model?

A

Mental illness seen as a physical ailment it could be cured

Lead to hospitalisation of individuals in asylums

136
Q

What is institutionalisation?

A

Poor treatment efficacy and conditions in asylums

137
Q

What is deinstitutionalisation?

A

Lead to more effective treatment and allowed a more normal life for those with mental illnesses but also lead to high levels of homelessness and poverty

138
Q

What are the theories of anxiety?

A

Learning processes

  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • modelling: observing someone else be afraid of something
139
Q

What is dysthymia disorder?

A

Less severe but more chronic form of depression requires the presence of a depressed mood for a period of at least two years

140
Q

How prevalent is dysthymia?

A

6 to8% in women and 5% in men

141
Q

Is suicide classified as a disorder

A

No it is not in the DSM as a disorder but it accounts for 1.4% of deaths in Australia

142
Q

What are some myths about suicide

A

Talking to depressed people about suicide makes them more likely to

Suicide threats are attention seeking

People that talk about suicide almost never commit it

143
Q

Which drug reduces dopamine?

A

Chlorpromazine

144
Q

Can chlorpromazine be used to treat schizophrenia?

A

It reduced positive symptoms but negative symptoms were made worse

145
Q

How should we observe personality disorders?

A

Needs to be longitudinally

146
Q

Does ADHD persist into adulthood?

A

Yes. Hyperactivity symptoms decline and inattention remains

147
Q

How is memory lost with Alzheimer’s?

A

Recent memories are the first to be lost and then progresses chronologically backwards

148
Q

What BMI correlates with mild anorexia?

A

Greater than 17

149
Q

Which BMI scores indicate moderate severity of anorexia?

A

16-16.99

150
Q

What BMI score indicates severe anorexia?

A

15-15.99

151
Q

What BMI score correlates with extreme anorexia?

A

Less than 15

152
Q

When in anorexia typically onset?

A

Early to middle adolescence. Rarely before puberty or after the age of 50.

Commonly associated with a history of dieting

153
Q

What can binges be triggered by?

A

Stress or negative emotions

154
Q

What are the physical consequences of bulimia?

A

Amenorrhea
Electrolyte imbalances
Dental problems
Swollen salivary glands

155
Q

What are the theories of schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine hypothesis: chlorpromazine a drug that reduces dopamine reduced positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Diathesis-stress model: underlying biological vulnerability may develop schizophrenia as a result of a stressor

156
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

Umbrella term for a number of disorders that involve a loss of contact with reality typically including delusions and hallucinations.

Disruptions in normal mental functions such as thoughts feelings and behaviour

157
Q

Persecutory delusions?

A

People think they are or will be persecuted

158
Q

Grandiose delusions?

A

Inflated sense of worth, power, knowledge, or identity

159
Q

Religious delusions?

A

Preoccupied with religious subjects that are not within the expected beliefs for an individual’s background

160
Q

Somatic delusions?

A

bodily functioning, bodily sensations or physical appearance. Usually the false belief is that the body is somehow diseased, abnormal or changed.

161
Q

Delusions of reference?

A

Ideas of reference and delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences and believing they have strong personal significance.

Individuality & Abnormality (8 decks)

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