Practicals

Question 1

What is attending behaviour?

Answer 1

Varied and appropriate eye contact
Relaxed gestures and posture
You stay with the topic

Question 2

What are minimal encouragers?

Answer 2

Small indicators that you are still following what the person says they can be verbal or non-verbal

Question 3

What is paraphrasing? (Counselling)

Answer 3

Reflect back the focus of the conversation

Clarify and expand on content not feelings

Question 4

Reflecting feelings?

Answer 4

Now focus is on feeling rather than content you need to name the emotion of interest

For example despite a few nerves you ended up feeling happy and seeing it as a positive experience

Question 5

What is summarisation?

Answer 5

Crystallise the essence of what has been said

Can be used to sum up the last session at the start
Can also be used during the session to check if both are on the same track

Question 6

What is concreteness?

Answer 6

Keeps client on topic.

• avoids premature decisions
• avoids avoiding the topic

‘How did you react to this’

Question 7

Role explanation in counselling?

Answer 7

Extents and limits of counsellors role needs to be made clear

Mandatory reporting issues (duty of care) etc

Question 8

What is a mean?

Answer 8

I mean is an average of data values that can be calculated by adding all values together and dividing by how many of them you have

Question 9

What is standard deviation?

Answer 9

Describes how far data values are from the mean

The greater the standard deviation the more spread out the scores were
If you have a standard deviation of zero all data points are the same

Question 10

What is an independent variable?

Answer 10

Is the variable that is changed or controlled

Question 11

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 11

The variable that is being tested/measured

Question 12

What was the example Kwame gives about how racism can impact mental health

Answer 12

You don’t get the job and it’s upsetting and can lead to psychological changes then you realise you don’t get it because of your race which compounds the initial amount of anxiety this takes it to an extra level of being unfair and you can’t do anything about it racism produces stress on an individual level people who think they’re going to be discriminated against have a greater risk of developing mental illness

Question 13

what did Kwame Identify as some of the social detriment that can increase the risk of mental illness

Answer 13

Poverty 
Unemployment 
Housing 
Single-parent families 
Living in a poor environment

Question 14

What ideas did Freud present that are still considered important today

Answer 14

Experiences you had growing up can influence the way you behave

People influenced by unconscious mind

Psychodynamic theory

Question 15

What ideas of Freuds have been discredited

Answer 15

Anal retention fixation

While growing up, your unconscious mind spend time on each erogenous zone

Children work through sexual frustrations with opposite sex parents

Question 16

What is the evidence for and against using the psychodynamic theory

Answer 16

It was found useful when compared to anything not involving talk therapy but not so useful compared to anything that did

Study found that spending more time in psychodynamic treatment was generally better for personality functioning and reducing symptoms

Varying results across studies some work really well and others not so much suggesting other possible variables

Question 17

Why do we still talk about Freud in psychology today?

Answer 17

History

Help to sort fact from fiction
He did get some things right

Because the therapies still exist and it is important to know where they come from

Question 18

What were the two broad aims of Karen Robinson’s research?

Answer 18

1. Looking at the factors that encourage people to seek help for OCD and what factors discourage treatment thinking.
2. What happens if people do seek help, are they given the appropriate treatment or not

Question 19

In Karen Robinson’s study what were the factors that people said discouraged them from seeking help?

Answer 19

Stigma.

Internal factors - it’s not bad enough. I can manage.

Question 20

What is naive realism?

Answer 20

Believing we see the world exactly as it is

Question 21

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 21

Wanting to find evidence to support our beliefs

Question 22

What is illusory control?

Answer 22

Thinking we have more control over certain events

Question 23

What is illusory correlation?

Answer 23

Assuming the factors we focus on are responsible for observed changes

Question 24

What are the 4 main biases that clinicians fall prey to?

Answer 24

Naive realism
Confirmation bias
Illusory control
Illusory correlation

Question 25

What are the three categories of errors that can occur during treatment?

Answer 25

Perception of improvement when there is none

They infer that symptom improvements were due to therapy

Assumption improvements are caused by unique features of therapy

Question 26

What is the implicit personality theory?

Answer 26

Implicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar person