Practicals Flashcards
What is attending behaviour?
Varied and appropriate eye contact
Relaxed gestures and posture
You stay with the topic
What are minimal encouragers?
Small indicators that you are still following what the person says they can be verbal or non-verbal
What is paraphrasing? (Counselling)
Reflect back the focus of the conversation
Clarify and expand on content not feelings
Reflecting feelings?
Now focus is on feeling rather than content you need to name the emotion of interest
For example despite a few nerves you ended up feeling happy and seeing it as a positive experience
What is summarisation?
Crystallise the essence of what has been said
Can be used to sum up the last session at the start
Can also be used during the session to check if both are on the same track
What is concreteness?
Keeps client on topic.
- avoids premature decisions
- avoids avoiding the topic
‘How did you react to this’
Role explanation in counselling?
Extents and limits of counsellors role needs to be made clear
Mandatory reporting issues (duty of care) etc
What is a mean?
I mean is an average of data values that can be calculated by adding all values together and dividing by how many of them you have
What is standard deviation?
Describes how far data values are from the mean
The greater the standard deviation the more spread out the scores were
If you have a standard deviation of zero all data points are the same
What is an independent variable?
Is the variable that is changed or controlled
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that is being tested/measured
What was the example Kwame gives about how racism can impact mental health
You don’t get the job and it’s upsetting and can lead to psychological changes then you realise you don’t get it because of your race which compounds the initial amount of anxiety this takes it to an extra level of being unfair and you can’t do anything about it racism produces stress on an individual level people who think they’re going to be discriminated against have a greater risk of developing mental illness
what did Kwame Identify as some of the social detriment that can increase the risk of mental illness
Poverty Unemployment Housing Single-parent families Living in a poor environment
What ideas did Freud present that are still considered important today
Experiences you had growing up can influence the way you behave
People influenced by unconscious mind
Psychodynamic theory
What ideas of Freuds have been discredited
Anal retention fixation
While growing up, your unconscious mind spend time on each erogenous zone
Children work through sexual frustrations with opposite sex parents
What is the evidence for and against using the psychodynamic theory
It was found useful when compared to anything not involving talk therapy but not so useful compared to anything that did
Study found that spending more time in psychodynamic treatment was generally better for personality functioning and reducing symptoms
Varying results across studies some work really well and others not so much suggesting other possible variables
Why do we still talk about Freud in psychology today?
History
Help to sort fact from fiction
He did get some things right
Because the therapies still exist and it is important to know where they come from
What were the two broad aims of Karen Robinson’s research?
- Looking at the factors that encourage people to seek help for OCD and what factors discourage treatment thinking.
- What happens if people do seek help, are they given the appropriate treatment or not
In Karen Robinson’s study what were the factors that people said discouraged them from seeking help?
Stigma.
Internal factors - it’s not bad enough. I can manage.
What is naive realism?
Believing we see the world exactly as it is
What is confirmation bias?
Wanting to find evidence to support our beliefs
What is illusory control?
Thinking we have more control over certain events
What is illusory correlation?
Assuming the factors we focus on are responsible for observed changes
What are the 4 main biases that clinicians fall prey to?
Naive realism
Confirmation bias
Illusory control
Illusory correlation
What are the three categories of errors that can occur during treatment?
Perception of improvement when there is none
They infer that symptom improvements were due to therapy
Assumption improvements are caused by unique features of therapy
What is the implicit personality theory?
Implicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar person
