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Individuality & Abnormality > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality

A

Often conceptualised as a cluster of traits

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2
Q

What are traits?

A

Relatively stable and long-lasting tendencies that influence behaviour across environments

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3
Q

What does nomothetic mean?

A

Understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics

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4
Q

What does ideographic mean?

A

Understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole

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5
Q

What was Freuds psychodynamic Approach to personality

A

There were three core assumptions:

  1. Psychic determinism: our underlying drives and complex shape our behaviour
  2. Symbolic meaning: our actions reveal our underlying drives
  3. Unconscious motivation: we are mostly unaware of our motivations
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6
Q

What are Freudian slip’s

A

Parapraxis: error in speech memory or physical action believed to be caused by the unconscious mind

Psychological conflict bubbling to the surface: thoughts are unconsciously repressed and then unconsciously released

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7
Q

What is Freuds topographic model?

A

Iceberg analogy
There are three main types of mental processes
1. Conscious: rational, goal directed, centre of awareness
2. Preconscious: could become conscious at any given time
3. Unconscious: irrational, not based in logic, repressed and thus in accessible however still plays a role in governing behaviour

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8
Q

What is freuds drive (instinct) model?

A

Based on Darwin’s work - suggests human behaviour is motivated by 2 drives

  • aggressive drive
  • sexual drive
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9
Q

What is freuds psychosexual-developmental model?

A

Suggested that sexuality begins in infancy. He further maintain that the extent to which we resolve each stage successfully bears crucial implications for later personality development it is a five stage theory

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10
Q

What is the oral stage? (Psychosexual theory)

A

Birth-18m
Focuses on the mouth.
Sexual pleasure from sucking and drinking.
If they obtain either too much or too little gratification they will become fixated or psychologically stuck in this stage.

As adults orally fixated persons tend to react to stress by becoming intensely dependent on others for reassurance just as infants depend on their mother’s breast as a source of satisfaction

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11
Q

What is the anal stage (psychosexual)?

A

18m-3y
During this stage children have increasing control over their bodies but they learn that they are not always permitted to do what they want conflict arises over toilet training.
They have to learn that they are only able to use the bathroom in socially appropriate places

Freud believes that anally fixated individuals or anal personalities are prone to excessive neatness stinginess and stubbornness in adult hood and these traits presumably reflect a preoccupation with retaining control

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12
Q

What is the phallic stage? (Psychosexual)

A

3y-6y
During this stage the penis and the clitoris become primary sexual zones for pleasure.
Love triangle with parents.
The child wants the opposite sex parent all for him or herself and wants to eliminate the same-sex parent, when reality sets in children abandon their love the opposite sex parent and then identify with the same-sex parent and adopt their characteristics

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13
Q

What is the latency stage (psychosexual)

A

The fourth stage is the latency stage it is a period of calm following the stormy phallic stage it lasts from about 6 to 12 years sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

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14
Q

Why is the general stage (psychosexual)

A

Begins around the age of 12
Sexual impulses reawaken if development up to this point has proceeded without major glitches this is the stage of mature romantic relationships however if serious problems were not resolved earlier stages difficulties with establishing intimate love attachments are likely

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15
Q

What are the three main components to freuds structural model?

A

Id: biological component. our basic desires and drives (thought to operate by means of pleasure) UNCONSCIOUS
Ego: psychological component. interacts with the real world and makes decisions. The boss. (reality principle) conscious
Balances the superego and Id
Superego: social component. sense of right and wrong, directing us to behave morally. CONSCIOUS

The interplay among these three agencies gives rise to our personalities and differences in the strength of these agencies help to account the individual differences in personalities

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16
Q

How do the ID the ego and the super ego interact?

A

The interaction among the psychic agencies is occurring within all of us all the time

When they are in conflict it causes psychological distress

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17
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

People regulate their emotions and deal with conflicts by employing defence mechanisms

Are healthy as a temporary coping mechanism Freud claims a person lacking any defence mechanisms would be at the mercy of uncontrollable anxiety

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18
Q

What is the repression defence mechanism?

A

Memories or thoughts that are kept out of conscious awareness

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19
Q

What is the denial defence mechanism?

A

Refuse to acknowledge external reality

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20
Q

What is the displacement defence mechanism?

A

Emotions are directed towards a substitute target

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21
Q

What is the regression defence mechanism?

A

Return to an earlier stage of psychosexual development

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22
Q

What is the reaction formation of defence mechanisms?

A

Unacceptable feelings or impulses turned into opposites

Eg. Parent unconsciously resents child and spoils them

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23
Q

What is the rationalisation defence mechanism

A

Actions are explained away to avoid uncomfortable feelings

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24
Q

What did neo-freudians do?

A

Shifted the focus from sexual drives to social drives.

Suggests that personality is malleable and can change overtime.

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25
Q

What are behavioural approaches to personality

A

Differences in our personalities stem largely from learning histories

Personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning

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26
Q

What are cognitive-social theories?

A

The way people encode, process and think about information determines their personality

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27
Q

Social learning theory in relation to personality?

A

Bandura claims that we learn to be the person we are by watching other people and seeing who or what gets rewarded and what doesn’t

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28
Q

Internal/external locus of control

A

Describes the extent to which people believe that reinforces or punishers lie inside or outside of their control

Internal:
Life outcomes are under personal control
Positively correlates with self-esteem
Internals use more problem focussed coping

External:
Luck, chance and powerful others control behaviour

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29
Q

What are behaviour outcome expectancies?

A

Belief that a certain behaviour will lead to a certain outcome

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30
Q

What is self efficacy expectancy

A

Individual conviction that necessary actions can be performed to produce the desired outcome

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31
Q

What are competencies?

A

Possession of skills and abilities for solving particular problems

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32
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

Setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviour

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33
Q

What are humanistic approaches to personality?

A

Focus on aspects that are distinctly human (trying to find the meaning of life and being true to the self)

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34
Q

What does Maslow say about self actualisation

A

These people tend to be creative, spontaneous and accepting of themselves and others

Prone to peak experiences

Carl Rogers proposed self actualisation as core motive in personality

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35
Q

What are the major components of Rogers model of personality?

A
  1. The organism (innate)
  2. The self (set of beliefs around who we are)
  3. Conditions of worth (expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour they come from our parents and society and eventually we internalise them)

Can lead to incongruence between the self and the organism this means that our personalities are inconsistent with our innate dispositions we are not our true selves because we are acting in ways that are inconsistent with our genuine potential

36
Q

What does Rogers model of personality say about incongruence?

A

Incongruence between the ideal and self concept can lead to distortions in behaviour or in the way one sees themselves

37
Q

What does Rogers person centred approach attempt to do?

A

Attempts to understand individual phenomenological experience - the way they conceive reality and think of the world.

38
Q

How were the big five personality traits uncovered

A

Uncovered using a lexical approach. And lexical approach proposes that the most crucial features of human personality are in bedded in our language.
Logic here is that if a personality trait is important in our daily lives it is likely that language has developed a word for it

39
Q

What are the big 5 personality traits?

OCEAN

A

Extraversion: tend to be more social and lively
Neuroticism: tend to be tense and moody
Conscientiousness: tend to be careful and responsible
Agreeableness: tend to be friendly and easy to get along with
Openness to experience: tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional

40
Q

Big 5 and cultural differences?

A

The factors are generally culturally universal

However open this to experiences is not supported in some Asian countries

41
Q

Big 5 and gender?

A

Women tend to be higher than men in neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness

42
Q

HEXACO?

A

Six dimensional model

  • Honesty-humility
  • Emotionality
  • eXtraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • consciousness
  • openness to experience
43
Q

What is the dark triad/tetrad?

A

Socially undesirable traits

Narcissism -Entitlement, superiority, dominance

Machiavellianism- cynical, unprincipled, manipulative

Psychopathy -Impulsivity, thrill seeking, low empathy

Sadism - gaining pleasure or satisfaction from others misfortune/suffering, and or engaging in behaviour that harms others (added later)

44
Q

Scoring her on the dark tetrad is associated with a wide range of antisocial behaviour what are some examples

A

Reduced empathy, sexual harassment, bullying, prejudice and aggression

45
Q

Why do the traits of the dark tetrad exist

A

And evolutionary theory suggests that individuals make a trade off to improve survival and mating chances

46
Q

Psychopathy in the workplace?

A

They often engage in behaviours that will promote their own success at the expense of others

For example claiming credit for others work and taking advantage of others. They are also superficially pleasant so they do well in the interview processes and don’t mind firing or making ruthless decisions

47
Q

Which traits of the big five personality theory has been found in chimpanzees

A

Extroversion, neuroticism and agreeableness all have cross species generality

48
Q

Controversy about genes and personality?

A

It is highly controversial and behavioural geneticists attempt to determine the degree to which individual differences in personality are caused by genetic and environmental factors

49
Q

Behavioural genetics methods?

A
  1. Selective breeding
  2. Family studies
  3. Twin studies
  4. Adoption studies
50
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Studies on dogs.

Can only occur if a desired trait is heritable. Can we make a dog aggressive, friendly etc

51
Q

What have twin, family and adoption studies found

A

A lot of personalities are genetically influenced

Identical twin correlations in personalities are a lot higher than fraternal twins even when reared apart

52
Q

What did Markus and Kitayama state about cultural task fundamentals?

A

Each person has two fundamental cultural tasks that have to be confronted

  1. Communion or interdependence: concerns how you’re affiliated with, attached to or engaged in the large group of which you are a member
  2. Agency or Independence: how do you differentiate yourself from the larger group

Cultures seem to be different and how they balance these two tasks

53
Q

What are some beliefs about the personality characteristics of men and women

A

Men are thought to have more active personalities that are loud, adventurous, obnoxious, aggressive, opinionated, arrogant, coarse and conceited

Women in contrast are regarded as having personalities are affectionate modest nervous appreciative patient changeable charming and fearful

54
Q

MMPI?

A

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory.

It’s a structured personality test used to detect symptoms of mental disorders

55
Q

MMPI-2?

A

A revised version of MMPI. Consists of 10 basic scales that assess mental disorders such as paranoia, depression and schizophrenia they were developed by using empirical method of test construction

56
Q

Face validity in MMPI?

A

Face validity is very low in MMPI. This refers to the extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring.

This is beneficial due to responders not being able to fake their answers and can also address unconscious traits

57
Q

What are the 10 clinical scales on the MMPI?

A 
Hs - hypochondriasis 
D - depression
Hy- hysteria 
Pd- psychopathic deviate 
Mf- masculinity-femininity 
Pa- paranoia 
Pt- psychasthenia 
Sc- schizophrenia 
Mn- mania 
Si- social introversion
58
Q

What are the 3 validity scales of the MMPI?

A

L- lie
F- frequency
K- correction.

59
Q

Who is Hippocrates

A

A Greek physician who proposed the four temperaments based on the excess of specific bodily fluid

60
Q

What are the 4 temperaments Hippocrates proposed?

A

Sanguine (blood)
Choleric (yellow bile)
Melancholic (black bile)
Phlegmatic (phlegm)

61
Q

What is sanguine personality?

A

Good natured
Sociable
Easy going

62
Q

What are the traits of too much sanguine?

A

Insensitive or vague

63
Q

Choleric personality traits?

A

Quick tempered, decisive, fast thinking

64
Q

Too much yellow bile?

A

Bouts of rage

65
Q

Melancholic personality?

A

Intellectual, pragmatic, contemplative

66
Q

Too much black bile?

A

Depression

Antisocial

67
Q

Phlegmatic personality?

A

Calm
Stable
Rational

68
Q

Overly phlegmatic personality?

A

Apathetic

Lack of drive

69
Q

What are surface traits?

A

Obvious individual characteristics that are easily identifiable

70
Q

What are source traits?

A

Deep, less obvious mental structures that give rise to surface traits

71
Q

Who is Alfred Adler?

A

Primary motive is not sex or aggression but superiority

72
Q

Who is Carl Jung

A

Collective unconscious

Ancestral memory that explains similarities in belief across cultures

73
Q

Who is Karen Horney?

A

Feminist perspective

Penis envy is the reason for enforced dependency on men

74
Q

Who is Erich Fromm?

A

Increasing technology means humans are able to live independently of others but we crave a closer connection. Leaving us vulnerable and making bad choices in relationships and leaders

75
Q

Object relations theory?

A

Focus on interpersonal disturbances and capacity for relatedness to others

76
Q

What is the broad idea of object relation theorists?

A

We form mental representations of people who are the target of our impulse driven desired

77
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

Personality is a constant interplay between environment behaviour and beliefs

78
Q

What are personal constructs? (Kelly)

A

Mental representations that are individually significant

79
Q

What do personal constructs and information processing theory say is central to who we are?

A

Conception of self, others and the way info is encoded, interpreted and remembered

80
Q

What are the two humanistic approaches to personality?

A

Rogers person centred approach

Maslows hierarchy of needs

81
Q

Unconditional positive regard?

A

Self actualisation

82
Q

Conditional positive regard?

A

Self discrepancy (emotional discomfort)

83
Q

What traits did Allport suggest?

A

Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits

84
Q

How do we assess unconscious patterns?

A

Life history methods

Projective tasks

85
Q

What are life history methods?

A

Aim to understand the whole life in context of life experiences

86
Q

Projective tasks?

A

assume that persons presented with a vague stimulus will project their own impulses and desired into a description of the stimulus

Individuality & Abnormality (8 decks)

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