Intelligence Flashcards
What is intelligence?
The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems and obtain ends that are values by an individual or culture
What are the three traits of intelligence?
Multifaceted
Functional
Defined and shaped by culture
What is the evolutionary perspective of intelligence?
Problems are solved to allow adaptation and this survival and reproduction
The social nature of humans have influenced the development of intelligence - the ability to perceive ones own feelings and behaviours (better position to imagine others feelings and behaviour)
Who is Francis Galton?
He was the first person to theorise about intelligence.
He was greatly influenced by Charles Darwin
- nature view of intelligence
Coined the term nature vs nurture
Also proposed eugenics to raise the level of intellectual pool (stop the breeding of the feeble minded)
What did Francis Galton consider intelligence to be
The ability to process sensory information
What of Galtons theories are still used?
His idea that mental capacity could be quantified
What factors caused spearman to develop his 2 factor theory of intelligence?
Arose from correlation and factor analysis of different intellectual tasks.
Found correlations between individuals scores on different intelligence tests. (Some groups of tasks inter correlate more strongly that others)
What is spearman’s 2 factor analysis?
General ability (g): general ability for complex mental work - innate born capacity Specific ability (s): unique to a test
What are thurstones 7 primary mental abilities
- word fluency
- verbal comprehension
- spatial ability
- perceptual speed
- numerical ability
- inductive reasoning
- memory
Claimed they were each relatively independent of g
Problems with thurstones 7 primary mental abilities?
At the end of his career he acknowledged that they were intact correlates.
He was no longer opposed to spearman’s g
What did Cattell and Horn propose?
Fluid and crystallised intelligence
Why is fluid intelligence?
Inherent, non-verbal capacity to learn and solve problems
Used to adapt to new situations
Relatively free of cultural elements
What is crystallised intelligence?
Accumulation of abilities learned through schooling or life experience
Learned, habitual responses
How do crystallised and fluid intelligence change over time?
- crystallised intelligence increases over time with the more knowledge that is gained
- fluid intelligence tends to decrease over time- the more we age, we lose fluid ability
What is the Cattell-Horn-Cattell theory of cognitive abilities (three stratum model)?
A hierarchical model of intelligence.
g
Broad abilities - fluid and crystallised
Specific abilities
What if the information processing approach of intelligence?
Assumes performance on one capacity is weakly related to performance on other capacities
What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory?
Includes componential/analytical intelligence: ability to think abstractly and process information effectively
Experiential/creative intelligence: ability to formulate new ideas, and combine seemingly unrelated facts or information
Contextual/practical intelligence: ability to adapt to changing environments conditions
What is Gardeners multiple intelligences theory?
All people have different kinds of “intelligences.” Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences
Linguistic: speak and write well
Logico: mathematical: use logic and maths
Spatial: think and reason about objects in 3 dimensional space
Musical: perform understand and enjoy music
Bodily-kinesthetic: manipulate the body in physics endeavours
Interpersonal: understanding and interact with others
Intrapersonal: process insight into self
Naturalistic: recognise, identify and understand animals, plants and other living things
What are the criticisms of the multiple intelligences theory?
Too broad
No test has been developed to measure
Talent or intelligence?
Doesn’t describe underlying processes
May reflect personality factors
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive appraise and expressed emotions accurately and appropriately
Use emotions to facilitate thinking
Understand and analyse emotions and use emotional knowledge effectively
Regulate emotions to promote both emotional and intellectual growth
Why are the five inter playing factors in Goleman’s theory of emotional intelligence?
Social skill Self awareness Self regulation Self motivation Empathy
Emotional intelligence and job performance?
It has been argued that emotional intelligence can predict occupational performance however a meta analysis found a weak relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance
Who is Alfred Binet?
Was hired by the government to identify children with special education needs.
He tested reasoning and logic
What was Binets criteria when selecting an item for his intelligence tests?
Had to be common sense
Had to be a part of daily life
Must seperate dull from bright children
Needs to be practical and easy to administer
What did Louis Terman do?
He revised Binet and called it Stanford-Binet - he revised items that didn’t perform as expected and added items for adults
What it the intelligence quotient?
Allows for comparison among scores.
IQ = (MentalAge/ChronologicalAge) x 100
Devised by Terman and Stern
Problems with IQ?
Works well for children whilst they are still developing but as development stabilises in adulthood comparing mental age to chronological age makes little sense
Who is David Wechsler?
He developed an intelligence test specifically for adults (WAIS)
Also developed tests for children (WISC) based on WAIS
Attempted to remove the biases in already existing intelligence tests and allow identification of strengths and weaknesses in individuals
What did the wechsler adult intelligence scale assess?
Verbal comprehension
Working memory
Processing speed
Perceptual reasoning
What are the different types of verbal comprehension sub tests? WAIS
- Similarities- how are these the same
- Vocabulary- can you tell me what this word means
- Information - on what continent is France?
What are the perceptual reasoning subtests? WAIS
- Block design
- Matrix reasoning
- Visual puzzles
What are the working memory sub tests? WAIS
- Digit span
2. Arithmetic
What are the processing speed sub tests? WAIS
- Symbol search
2. Coding
How do we calculate intelligence test scores?
Raw scores are converted to scaled scores by using norms of the standardised group
The scaled scores from each sub test are summed which is compared to the standardisation sample
What is full scale IQ?
Is obtained by adding all index scores together (WAIS)
What is considered an average IQ?
Between 85-115
Why does an IQ under 70 mean?
Typically deficits in intellectual functioning
May be genetic, biological or environmental
Does IQ determine the severity of intellectual disability?
No. Severity is not determined on IQ tests but instead on the basis of adaptive functioning.
Adaptive functioning determines the level of support needed
What IQ score concludes that one is gifted?
Over 130.
What are the associated stereotypes with an IQ over 130?
Physically weak
Mentally unstable
Compensation - talent in one area is accompanied by a deficit in another
What are the 3 intersecting components of true giftedness (Renzulli)?
Exceptional intelligence in specific domain
Exceptional motivation
Exceptional creativity
What type of thinking does creativity involve?
Divergent thinking: the ability to generate multiple possibilities in a given situation
Convergent thinking: finding the best idea from a range of ideas generated through divergent thinking
Criticisms of IQ tests?
Lack of theoretical basis - no underlying construct was used to devise tests
Cultural biases
- scores depend on language and cultural experiences
What abuse of intelligence tests have surfaced throughout history?
Goddard tried to segregate the feeble minded so they couldn’t contaminate others.
Claimed feeble mindedness was common in immigrants due to cultural biases not accomodating for those from other cultures.
Concluded that immigrants were of moron grade due to environmental deprivation and advocated for the deportation of immigrants or to be used as labourers
What does a culture fair test mean?
Culture fair tests should include all items that would measure common skills and knowledge across cultures
Limited success and therefore intelligence tests need to be considered with in cultures
Heritability?
The percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genetic inheritance
What do you twin and adoption studies indicate about the heritability of IQ
Genetics and environment do interact with one another
Identical twins that had been reared apart still had similar IQ
What are some positive predictors of the children’s performance on an IQ test
Enriched home environment
Encouraging interest and exploration
A mother’s knowledge about child rearing
What is the risk factors that predict a child’s performance on IQ tests
Poor maternal education Maternal mental illness Larger family size Poverty Poor nutrition
Does education form individual differences in intelligence
Higher education is associated with greater brain connectivity
Evidence suggests schooling exerts a casual influence on IQ
are older siblings smarter
Later born children tend to have slightly lower IQs then earlier born children.
Children who come from bigger families have lower IQ
Any SES disadvantages include IQ?
Children from low socio-economic status households may fail to develop fully intellectual potential
This also has a stereotype threat which is it the belief about your group leads to greater anxiety which leads to a self fulfilling prophecy
What is the Flynn effect?
IQ points increase by approximately three points per decade
Strong argument for environmental effects
