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psychological problems Flashcards

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1
Q

incident of mental health problems

A

depression
2.6/100

anxiety
4.7/100

ed
1.6/100

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2
Q

incidence changing over time

A

more women than men
gap widening
2007-24%
2014-37%

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3
Q

challenges of living

A

lower income household more mental health problems
greater social isolation increases loneliness and depression

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4
Q

cultural variations in beliefs about mental health problems

A

hearing voices - positive experience in some parts of india
culture bound syndromes occur in some cultures

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5
Q

characteristics of mental health

A

subjective and arbitrary
difficulty sleeping are hard to measure

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6
Q

increased recognition of mental health problems

A

symptoms focused on illness rather than health
jahoda criteria

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7
Q

jahodas criteria

A

self attitudes
personal growth and self actualisation
integration
autonomy
accurate perception of reality
mastery of env

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8
Q

lessening social stigma

A

labelling ppl creates an expectation
term mental health problems creates less stigma

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9
Q

effects of mental health problems

A

damage to relationships
difficulty coping with day life
negative impact on physical well being
characteristics of mental health

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10
Q

damage to relationships

A

affect two way communication relationships need

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11
Q

difficulty coping with day life

A

not liking after self eg getting dressed

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12
Q

negative impact of physical well being

A

body produces cortisol
prevention immune system functioning properly
causing more illness

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13
Q

characteristics of mental health

A

subjective and arbitrary
difficulty to sleep hard to measure

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14
Q

social effects of mental health

A

need for more social care
increased crime rates
implications for economy

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15
Q

need for more social care

A

taxes fund social care providing food, human company, learning new skills for self care

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16
Q

increased crime rates

A

4x more likely to commit crime than normal population
eg due to substance abuse

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17
Q

implications to economy

A

mccrone report: care for mentally ill costs £22 bil per herat
cheaper drug treatments needed

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18
Q

types of depression

A

clinical
unipolar
bipolar

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19
Q

clinical

A

term for the medical condition

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20
Q

unipolar

A

one emotional state of depression

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21
Q

bipolar depression

A

depression alternates with mania
also periods of normality

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22
Q

ICD

A

mental and physical disorder diagnosed using symptoms
ICD-10 current version listing symptoms

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23
Q

key symptoms of depression

A

low mood
loss of interest and pleasure
reduced energy levels
changes in sleep
change in appetite
decrease in self confident
guilt
pessimism
self harm

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24
Q

theories of depression

A

biological and psychological

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25
Q

biological explanation

A

neurotransmitters transmit messages chemically across synapse
low levels at synapse lead to less stimulation of postsynaptic neuron causing low mood

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26
Q

effects of low serotonin

A

lack of conc
disturbed sleep
reduced appetite

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27
Q

reasons for low serotonin

A

genes could cause inheritance of low levels
low levels of tryptophan from lack of protein or carbohydrates

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28
Q

strength of biological explanation

A

supporting research
low levels of serotonin in depressed brains in comparison to control group (mcneal and cimbolic 1986)

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29
Q

weakness of biological explanation

A

low levels of serotonin could be an effect of being depressed rather than a cause
negative thoughts lead to changes in brain
just like learning changes neurons and production of neurotransmitters in brain
may be an effect of psychological experiences rather than cause

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30
Q

weakness of biological explanation

A

may not be solely caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters
explanation too simple
some with low serotonin dont have depression
diathesis stress model better explanation
depression result of ppl having certain vulnerabilities eg inheriting low serotonin
also have stressful experience
combination of diathesis and stressor

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31
Q

psychological explanation

A

faulty thinking
negative schemas
attributions
influence of nurture

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32
Q

faulty thinking

A

caused by irrational thinking
negative black and white thinking creates feelings of hopelessness

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33
Q

negative schemas

A

cause person to interpret all info abt self negatively

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34
Q

attributions

A

internal stable and global negative attributions styles
creates negative ways of explaining causes of behaviour

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35
Q

influence of nurture

A

negative attributional styles develop through processes such as learned helplessness
if unpleasant experience
natural reaction is to try and escape
if they can’t they learn to give up trying
this is called learned helplessness
explains how a person learns to blame things on themselves and believe it will always be like that

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36
Q

strength of psychological explanation

A

research support for learned helplessness
seligman demonstrates process of learned helplessness
dogs that no longer tried to escape electric shocks that they previously had no control over
similar to depression
person will have leaned to react to challenge by giving up
dogs previous negative attribution caused them to give up

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37
Q

strength of psychological explanation

A

real world application
cognitive explanations lead to ways of treatment
cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
ppl learning to think differently
if irrational thinking underlies depression then learning to think rationally should help relieve depression
leads to successful way to help ppl with depression

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38
Q

weakness of psychological explanation

A

negative beliefs may be realistic than depressing
some life experiences realistic to be sad
person with opposite attributional style may have a problem instead in some situations
alloy and abramson 79
depressed ppl have more accurate estimates of chance of disaster
negative attributional style may actually be more accurate way of looking at world

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39
Q

antidepressant medication

A

group of drugs
reduce symptoms
eg
SSRI
aim to increase amount of serotonin at synaptic cleft

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40
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
increase serotonin levels at synaptic cleft

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41
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

serotonin stores in vesicles
impulse in neuron causes vesicles to release serotonin into the synaptic cleft

42
Q

synaptic cleft

A

serotonin locks into postsynaptic receptor transmitting signal form presynaptic neuron

43
Q

reuptake

A

after serotonin conveys signal by locking into a receptor site
taken back to presynaptic neuron where it is broken up and reused
ssris block uptake so there is more serotonin in synaptic cleft
ssris occupy reuptake transporter

44
Q

weakness of antidepressants

A

serious side effects
eg nausea insomnia weight loss or suicidal thoughts
lack of control in own body
may seem easier than cbt
serious threat to effectiveness of drug therespies

45
Q

weakness of antidepressants

A

evidence for effectiveness is questionable
3-4 months of ssris to have impact on symptoms
doesnt make sense if drug is increasing quantities of serotonin immediately
placebo effect
they believe they are receiving treatment leading to improvement

46
Q

weakness of antidepressants

A

reductionist
suggest neurotransmitters are only factor that cause depression
reduces depression to act of neurotransmitters
may lead to overlook factors
more successful treatment might include biological and psychological approaches

47
Q

cbt

A

cognitive behaviour therapy
method of treating using both cognitive and behaviour techniques

48
Q

cbt
cognitive

A

aim to change faulty thinking and catastrophising to rational thinking

49
Q

cbt
behaviour

A

behavioural activation
planning and doing a pleasant activity creates positive emotions

50
Q

cbt
therapist dealing with irrational thoughts

A

disputing negative irrational thoughts to develop self belief and self liking

51
Q

cbt
client dealing with irrational thoughts

A

thought diary
record unpleasant emotions and rational response to automatic thoughts is rated

52
Q

strength of cbt

A

lasting effectiveness
supplies tools to help them deal with future episodes
apply learned techniques over and over again
long term

53
Q

weakness of cbt

A

not willing to spend time and thought required for cbt
will likely take months off sessions with hw
ssris passive
cbt involves willingness to think about yourself
ppl may drop out of cbt

54
Q

strength of cbt

A

holistic
treating whole person rather than focusing on constituent parts of depressing such as neurotransmitters
approach concerns higher psychological level of what person thinks or feels
deals with core symptoms
more effective

55
Q

wiles aim

A

investigate benefit of holistic approach (cbt combines with antidepressant) to treat treatment resistant depression rather than antidepressant alone

56
Q

wiles method

A

469 from bristol exeter glasgow
73 gp practices
all had TRD
all took antidepressant for more than 6 weeks and still showed symptoms of clinical depression
randomly assigned to one of two conditions using a computer generated code
1. antidepressant only
2. antidepressant and cbt
measured symptoms of depression using bdi

57
Q

bdi

A

beck depression inventory
measures symptoms of depression

58
Q

wiles results

A

end of 6 months 422 stayed in study
1. 21.6% had more than 50% reduction in symptoms
2. 46.1% had more than 50% reduction in symptoms
end of 12 months 396 remained
2. showed greater recovery and remission (symptoms do not return)

59
Q

wiles conclusion

A

cbt useful addition to treatment
2. more than effective
benefits can be maintained over 12 months

60
Q

strength of wiles

A

control ev
potential ev participants conditions
independent groups design
to control participants randomly assigned to groups
initial bdi scored checked to see on average similarity
figure for comparison was amount of improvement rather than level of depression
changes in dv not affected by ev

61
Q

weakness of wiles study

A

self report to determine levels of depression
subjective judgements
untruthful answers
might underestimate sadness or overestimate
questions validity of info

62
Q

strength of wiles study

A

focused on developing useful therapy
main aim to demonstrate in a well controlled study that more holistic approach can be more successful
cheap experiment
£343 per year
real world usefulness one of main reasons conducting research

63
Q

addiction

A

activity has become most important thing in that persons life
takes over interest in all other activities

64
Q

addiction prime defining characteristics

A

dependance
substance abuse

65
Q

dependence versus addiction

A

dependence: psychological relieve/ stop withdrawal symptoms
addiction: dependence plus the sense of escape (mood modification)

66
Q

substance misuse versus abuse

A

misuse is not following the rules
abuse is using substance to gain sense of escape
difference is persons intentions

67
Q

diagnosing addiction

A

ICD-10 states addiction diagnosis is made only if 3 or more characteristics are present together during previous year

68
Q

characteristics from ICD-10

A

strong desire to use substance
persistence to use despite harm
difficulty controlling use
withdrawal symptoms
higher priority given to substance

69
Q

influence of nature in addiction

A

hereditary factors (inheritance)
genetic vulnerability

70
Q

hereditary factors

A

addictions can be highly inherited
genetic information may determine whether you are likely to become addicted


71
Q

genetic vulnerability

A

multiple genes are involved in addiction not just one
addiction genes may increase the risk that you become addicted
diathesis stress poses that a genetic vulnerability is only expressed persons life stresses and experiences act as a trigger

72
Q

kaijs aim

A

to see whether alcoholism could be explained in terms of hereditary factors

73
Q

kaijs method

A

male twins from aweden
identified using temperence board regustration data
temperance board to register and follow individuals with alcohol abuse
310 male twins where at least one registered
interviews
also with close relatives
to collect info on drinking habits and if twins were identical or not
384 twin participants
48 identical (monozygotic same genes)
126 non identical (dizygotic 50% same genes)
iv is genetic similarity

74
Q

kaijs results

A

Percentage of twins who had a co twin registered with the board was higher for identical twins then non-identical
identical 61%
non identical 39%

75
Q

kaijs conclusion

A

alcoholism is related to hereditary factors
but not entirely otherwise it would be 100%
if alcoholism had no genetic content then data for both types of twins would be same
supports idea of vulnerability
genetic component neither 100 or 0
increased social problems suggest env factors contribute

76
Q

weakness of kaijs study

A

flaws in design
not studying alcoholism
board only includes some types of alcoholism
those who made public display
eg drunk driving
data on mz vs dz were self reports
may not be accurate
lacks validity

77
Q

strength of kaij

A

supprted by later reseach
kendler 97
more controlled study using larger sample
2516 individual twins
also found that both more likey to be alcoholic if they’re mz
supports view that genetic factors have a influence in alcoholism

78
Q

weakness of kaij

A

biological explanations of addiction may be misleading
makes it seem addiction inevitable
genes are not only factor
both nature and nurture important
implies genes are more influential than actually are

79
Q

psychological explanation
peer influence

A

being influenced by those around you
who you deem equal

80
Q

social learning theory

A

learn through obsevring others and imitate rewarded behaviours
identify with peers and more likely to imitate them

81
Q

social norms

A

look to others to see what is acceptable creating social norms
may be overestimated

82
Q

social identity theory

A

we identify with and want to br accepted by social groups
creates pressure to conform to social norms

83
Q

creating opportunities for addictive behaviour

A

peers provide opportunities for addictive behaviour
provide direct instruction

84
Q

strength of peer influence as explanation for addiction

A

research support
morton and farhat 2010
reviewed 40 studies
relationship between peers and smoking
all but one showed positive association
suggests peer influences are risk factor

85
Q

weakness of peer influence as explanation for addiction

A

may not work in that direction
peer selection
people who have an addiction actively select others who are like them rather than conforming to the social norm of the group
addictive behaviours shared within a group happen as a consequence of addiction rather than the group causing addiction through social norms and group pressure

86
Q

strength of peer influence as an explanation for addiction

A

real world application
hansen and graham 91
compare to programs for reducing substance abuse
one resistance skills and other normative education (learning about acceptability in peers)
latter programme greater success
socials norms marketing advertising used to address social norms issue
popular approach in US
applications demonstrate positive value of peer influence explanations

87
Q

aversion therapy

A

classical conditioning
association between addiction and unpleasant experience is learned

88
Q

treating alcoholism

A

antabuse nausea and vomiting
before vomiting alcoholic has several drinks
neutral stimulus (alcohol)associated with unconditional response (vomiting) which becomes conditioned response

89
Q

treating gambling

A

phrases on cards about gambling or non gambling behaviour
electric shock given to any gambling phrase
gambling associated with pain

90
Q

treating smoking

A

rapid smoking in closed room causes nausea
associated with smokinh

91
Q

weakness of aversion therapy

A

may abandon
unpleasant stimuli
difficult to assess effectiveness because in research studies those who stay in a study longer tend to cope well with unpleasantness and may have stronger desire to overcome addiction
difficult to come to any conclusion

92
Q

weakness of aversion therapy

A

short term rather than long term
follow up of-up to nine years aversion therapy no more effective than placebo
overt aversion lacks overall effectiveness

93
Q

strength of aversion therapy

A

can be combined with cbt for greater effectiveness
holistic approach
some underlying factors that may have claimed addiction can be targeted as part of cbt
therapist can focus on coping strategies for when individual thinks relapse is near
provided longer lasting support targeting persons thoughts and feelings

94
Q

12 step recovery

A

organise therapy without professional guidance
eg
AA alcoholics anonymous
list
eg
2 find hope in higher power
9 make amends

95
Q

higher power

A

giving control to higher power and letting go
religious

96
Q

admitting and sharing guilt

A

members of group and higher power blister to confession to accept sinner

97
Q

lifelong process

A

recovery never complete
offer support incase of relapse

98
Q

self help groups

A

peer sharing and support
may avoid religious aspects
local tradition may be included

99
Q

weakness of self management

A

lack research in 12 step programme
AA said in 2007 33% of 8000 North America numbers have remained sober for 10 years or more
doesn’t include information on how many left the program with no success
another report in 1990 stated 81% left within year
difficult to obtain clear data on overall effectiveness

100
Q

weakness of self management

A

May only be effective for certain types of people
dropout rates suggest self-help approach is quite demanding
requires high levels of motivation
some people may not wish to share their experiences and emotions
limited treatment

101
Q

strength of 12 step recovery program

A

focus on the whole person
holistic approach
concerned with providing social support to help a person cope with their emotions
contrasted with more reductionist programs such as aversion therapy which target stimulus response links

psychology (7 decks)

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