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perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

physical stimulation of the five senses detected by sense receptors

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2
Q

perception

A

brain interpreting and organising sensory info

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3
Q

difference between sensation and perception

A

sensation is detection of stimulus
perception is interpretation of what stimulus means

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4
Q

ponzo illusion

A

misinterpreted depth cue
perceived horizontal line in longer than bottom line

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5
Q

muller lyer illusion

A

misinterpreted depth cue
two vertical lines same length
line with outgoing fins seen longer

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6
Q

rubin’s vase

A

ambiguous figure
face and vase

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7
Q

ames room

A

misinterpreted depth cue
trapezoid room
people seen as different sizes

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8
Q

binocular depth cues

A

need both eyes to judge distance size depth etc.

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9
Q

retinal disparity

A

eyes six cm apart so diff view of world
retina receives visual info
different between info gives info on distance
closer object more disparity

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10
Q

convergence

A

object coming towards us causes eyes to come together
muscles work harder when eyes come together
muscle info tells ur distance and depth

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11
Q

monocular depth cues

A

need only on eye to judge distance depth size etc.

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12
Q

height in plane

A

objects higher up in the visual field = further away

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13
Q

relative size

A

objects appear smaller in the visual field than known objects of similar size so they are perceived as further away

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14
Q

occlusion obscured objects look further away

A
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15
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear closer together and come to a point in distance

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16
Q

size constancy

A

objects perceived as constant size despite size on retina changing with distance

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17
Q

misinterpreted depth cue

A

brain perceives distance
objects in the distance are scaled up to look normal

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18
Q

ponzo illusion explanation

A

converging lines appear illusion of distance
mentally enlarges top line.

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19
Q

muller lyer explanation

A

ingoing fins appear as shape of outside building do scaled down
outgoing fins appear as outside of building so scaled up

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20
Q

ambiguous figures

A

two possible interpretations
brain can’t decide which one is correct

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21
Q

necker cube explanation

A

cube upwards to the right or downwards to left

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22
Q

fiction

A

seeing something that isn’t there

23
Q

kanizsa triangle explanation

A

illusory contours create image of second triangle

24
Q

gregory’s constructivist theory

A

make sense of the world by building our perceptions based on info we know and past cues

25
Q

inference

A

what we perceive is ambiguous and incomplete
brain fill in gaps in our sensory info using inference / interpretation

26
Q

visual cues (gregory’s theory)

A

brain has help when making interpretations using visual cues
sometimes what we interpret can turn out wrong

27
Q

role of nurture in gregory’s theory

A

understanding of visual cues learnt from experience
perception more sophisticated as we grow up

28
Q

strength of gregory’s theory

A

support from studies that show cultural differences in perception
different experiences have affected perception
nurture plays key role

29
Q

weakness of gregory’s theory

A

supported by visual illusions which are unusual examples of perception
idea of mistake hypotheses has been useful to explain visual illusions
but these are artificial 2D images designed to fool us
doesn’t explain daily perception

30
Q

weakness of gregory’s theory

A

cannot explain how perception works in first place
babies have perceptual abilities
not all perception is role of nurture
struggles to explain innate perception

31
Q

gibson direct theory

A

perception doesn’t draw on past experiences

32
Q

sufficient info for perception

A

sensation and perception are same
eyes detect everything we need without making inferences

33
Q

optic flow partterns

A

when moving, things in distance appear stationary and everything else rushes past
perceptual info about speed and distance

34
Q

motion parallax

A

monocular depth cue
when moving past them closer objects appear to move faster than objects that are further away
info about speed and distance

35
Q

influence of nature

A

perception is innate not learnt

36
Q

strength of gibsons theory

A

developed using research with pilots
his work meant his theory was good at explaining how everyday perception of things like movement and depth occur
real world relevance

37
Q

weakness of gibson theory

A

difficult to explain perceptual errors
apparently all we need to perceive is the rich info at retina
our brain makes perceptual errors and draws wrong conclusion
gregory’s theory is better at explaining illusions

38
Q

strength of gibsons theory

A

research with young infants provided support
gibson and walk 1960 showed infants were reluctant to go over the visual cliff
unlikely that their reluctance was from something they learnt as they were very young
some parts of human perception is innate supporting his theory

39
Q

culture affecting perception

A

different cultures use depth cues differently so have diff perceptual set

40
Q

emotion affecting perception

A

emotion affects perceptual set eg perceptual defence where our brain blocks out upsetting or embarrassing things

41
Q

gilchrist and nesbergs aim

A

find out if food deprivation affects perception of food
if motivation is a factor that’s affects perception

42
Q

gilchrist and nesbergs method

A

participants either deprived of food for 20 hours or not as a control group
shown 4 slides of meal
15 mins each
the same switched off and on again and asked to adjust lighting

43
Q

gilchrist and nesbergs results

A

food deprived people perceived food as brighter the longer the deprived of food

44
Q

gilchrist and nesbergs conclusion

A

sensitivity greater when food deprived
hunger motivating factor of perception of food
participants saw food as brighter and more appealing

45
Q

strength of gilchrist and nesbergs study

A

support from other studies
sanford deprived participants of food for varying lengths of time
showed ambiguous figures
more food deprived more likely to perceive pictures as food
increased validity

46
Q

weakness of gilchrist and nesbergs study

A

unethical to deprive people of food
although with consent participants may have not understood how hard it was and felt uncomfortable to withdraw as it would spoil the study
unfair for participants to go hungry for an experiment

47
Q

weakness of gilchrist and nesbergs study

A

aspects of study were not like everyday life
asked to judge pictures of food rather than real food
judging pictures for brightness is not something we do daily
decreases generalisability

48
Q

bruner and minturns study’s aim

A

if interpretation of an ambiguous figure was affected by context it was shown

49
Q

bruner and minturns method

A

ambiguous figure either B or 13
independent groups design
either shown sequence of letters or numbers
participants report and draw what they saw

50
Q

bruner and minturns results

A

more likely to see ambiguous figure as letter if corresponding sequence was letters vice versa

51
Q

bruner and minturns conclusion

A

expectation is an important influence of perceptual set
changing context in which visual information presented can change the way it’s perceived

52
Q

weakness of bruner and minturns study

A

ambiguous figure was used to test expectation which isn’t something we come across in daily life
designed to trick participants
on some occasions we may come across these kind of situations eg misreading spelling mistake but rare

53
Q

weakness of bruner and minturns study

A

independent groups design used
individual differences between groups design eg more peoples name started with B in one group than other
participants variables may have affected so it’s weak

54
Q

strength of bruner and minturns study

A

can explain errors people make in real world
US navy cruiser shot down civilian plane thinking it was military
he was in a military area therefore raised expectations that it was military plane
importance of expectation helps to avoid errors of judgement

psychology (7 decks)

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