brain and neuropsychology Flashcards

Question

electrical transmission

Answer 1

how neurons fire resting state= negative when firing charge inside cell changes which created action potentials

Answer 2

where neurons communicate with each other made up of synaptic cleft, presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

Answer 3

electrical signal causes vesicles in presynaptic terminal button to release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

Answer 4

neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft attaches to post synaptic receptor sites chemical message turns to electrical impulse remaining neurotransmitters absorbed

Answer 5

excitatory neurotransmitter increases postsynaptic neurons charge more likely to fire inhibitory neurotransmitter increases negative charge less likely to fire

Answer 6

more excitatory than inhibitory means neuron fires creating electrical impulse

Answer 7

brain is plastic synaptic connection become stronger more they are used brain can change and develop

Answer 8

brain changes in response to new experiences

Answer 9

learning leaves a trace called engram can be made permanent if we rehearse learning

Answer 10

when learning groups of neurons also called cell assemblies fire together more this happens stronger synaptic connections between them become cell assemblies more efficient change physically and grow so they can manage new learning more effectively

Answer 11

scientific basis for understanding behaviour explained cognitive processes in terms of brain function his work led to an increase focus on brain shows it’s possible to study learning though brain processes

Answer 12

applied to education more stimulating and rich env more cell assemblies grow and learn encourages learning

Answer 13

learning reduced to neuronal level learning involved no of diff levels of understanding eg can also be explained as a cognitive activity that involves change to our thought processes also a social activity we learn by observing others reductionist doesnt look at wider factors

Answer 14

two hemispheres 4 lobes + cerebellum

Answer 15

frontal parietal occipital temporal

Answer 16

motor area front controls thinking planning and movement

Answer 17

somatosensory area behind frontal sensation processed

Answer 18

visual area back of brain vision

Answer 19

auditory/language area behind frontal and below parietal speech and learning

Answer 20

recieves info from spinal and brain movement and balance attention and lang too

Answer 21

movement on opposite side of body

Answer 22

sensitive body parts take up most space damage would mean less ability to feel pain

Answer 23

damage to left hemisphere would affect right visual field

Answer 24

damage can lead to deafness

Answer 25

left hemisphere only broca’s area wernickes area

Answer 26

damage leads to difficulty remembering and forming words

Answer 27

damage leads to difficulty understanding and producing meaningful speech

Answer 28

to describe psychological responses patients have when parts of brain were electrically stimulated to determine localisation of function

Answer 29

epileptic conscious local anaesthetic used montreal procedure use to stimulate diff areas 1000 cases

Answer 30

visual area stimulated colours and shadows somatosensory tingling sensation of a false sense of movement temporal two diff response reliving past experiences emotions or feelings related to experience strong sense of deja vu

Answer 31

temporal lobe must have role in storing memories of past events stored in two diff ways facts of experience and meaning of the facts for individual interpretive cortex - area that stores info on feelings

Answer 32

very precise method detailed investigations could stimulate exact same area enables map of brain to be made helping neuroscience

Answer 33

unusual sample severe epilepsy epilepsy perhaps changed structure of brain not same in non epileptic brain

Answer 34

later research didn’t support original findings 40/520 later said they could recall past experiences when interpretive cortex stimulated interpretive cortex does not respond in same way lacks validity

Answer 35

aims to create detailed map of localised functions

Answer 36

front and motor: movement temporal and amygdala: emotion and aggression

Answer 37

diff types of memory on diff areas of brain

Answer 38

low serotonin affects thinking eg suicidal thoughts and behaviour eg low mood

Answer 39

mental processes of mind eg memory and perception

Answer 40

damage to areas of brain affect certain areas/ behaviour

Answer 41

brain deprived of oxygen areas of brain die affecting behaviour unless other parts take over localisation of function

Answer 42

problems with fine and complex movements damage to left hemisphere affects righ vice versa

Answer 43

broca’s aphasia problems producing speech wernickes aphasia problams understanding speech

Answer 44

ct pet fmri

Answer 45

large doughnut shaped scanner that rotates lots of x rays that are combined to give detailed pic

Answer 46

patient injected with radioactive glucose activity shown on computer

Answer 47

measures change in blood oxygen levels 3d computer image

Answer 48

strength quality higher than regular x ray weakness high levels of radiation still images

Answer 49

strength shows brain in action localisation of function weakness expensive may be unethical due to radiation

Answer 50

strength clear images without use of radiation weakness expensive have to stay very still

Answer 51

if episodic memories produced blood flow in diff parts of the brain than semantic memories

Answer 52

6 volunteers including him and wife injected with radioactive holds active areas shown on pet scan using gamma rays 8 trials 4 episodic 4 semantic random order repeated measure design episodic personal experience semantic historical facts

Answer 53

clear difference in blood flow patterns for 3/6 participants semantic memories greater conc of blood flow to posterior cortex (back) episodic anterior cortex (front)

Answer 54

episodic and semantic are seperate forms of ltm located in diff parts of brain supports idea of memeory having biological basis diff types of memory localised diff places

Answer 55

objective scientific evidence lab tests participants may change behaviour and influence results difficult for participants to do here impossible to fake brain scan unbiased evidence

Answer 56

sample restricted only 6 differences in blood flow seen in only 3 inconclusive stat so few showed same pattern of blood flow hard to generalise

Answer 57

episodic and semantic very similar no clear divide between two types of memory explains inconclusive results

Answer 58

depression = 2.6/100 anxiety = 4.7/100 ed = 1.6/100 1/2 mental health problems