Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psychology > brain and neuropsychology > Flashcards

brain and neuropsychology Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

function of nervous system

A

collects and responds to info
coordinates organs like brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

subdivisions of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS
PNS - ANS + SNS
ANS - sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system
right hemisphere controls left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system
info from outside world to CNS
info from CNS to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system
involuntarily
breathing heart rate digestion
has two divisions to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SNS

A

somatic nervous system
voluntary movement of muscles
takes in info from sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

homeostasis

A

maintains balanced internal state eg temp at 37 degrees
monitors activity of body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

automatic system

A

no conscious control because functions are vital to life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

physiological arousal
triggered when stressed
fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

opposite to sympathetic
produces rest and digest body response to return body to normal state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fight or flight

A

hypothalamus detects threat sympathetic of ans triggered
ans changes from
parasympathetic to aroused sympathetic
adrenaline released into bloodstream
physiological changes eg increases heart rate and decreased digestion
gets body to confront threat or energy to run
parasympathetic division of ans takes over after threat has passed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

james lange theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal first then emotion
hypothalamus arouses sympathetic
adrenaline released
brain interprets physiological activity
causes emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

example of james lange theory of emotion

A

meet bear in forest
hypothalamus arouses sympathetic in ans
triggers adrenaline
physiological arousal eg muscle tense, heart rate increase
interpreted as fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

strength of james lange theory

A

real live examples
phobias
emotional states seem to follow physiological arousal
eg person trips in public
emotion reaction eg embarrassment
leads to them avoiding public situations due to association between situation and emotion
emotion and avoidance occur as a result of physiological reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

weakness of james lange

A

challenged by canon bard theory
experience emotions and physiological arousal simultaneously
eg embarrassment and blushing together at same time
draws attention to emotional situations that lange would struggle to explain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

weakness of james lange

A

too simple
emotion more complex
two factor theory (singer et al 62)
social cues needed to correctly label emotion we are feeling
eg heart racing in dark valley - fear
heart racing when kissing - excitement
can be interpreted very differently depending on social cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

types of neuron

A

sensory
motor
relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sensory neuron

A

pns to cns
long dendrite short axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

relay neuron

A

connect sensory to motor
short dendrite short axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

motor neuron

A

cns to muscles
short dendrite long axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cell body

A

nucleus containing dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

axon

A

carries signals
covered in myelin sheath which helps and protects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty covering of axon with nodes of ranvier
insulation and speeds signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

terminal button

A

end of axon
part of synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
electrical transmission
how neurons fire resting state= negative when firing charge inside cell changes which created action potentials
26
synapse
where neurons communicate with each other made up of synaptic cleft, presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
27
release of neurotransmitters
electrical signal causes vesicles in presynaptic terminal button to release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
28
reuptake of neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft attaches to post synaptic receptor sites chemical message turns to electrical impulse remaining neurotransmitters absorbed
29
excitation and inhibition
excitatory neurotransmitter increases postsynaptic neurons charge more likely to fire inhibitory neurotransmitter increases negative charge less likely to fire
30
summation
more excitatory than inhibitory means neuron fires creating electrical impulse
31
hebbs theory
brain is plastic synaptic connection become stronger more they are used brain can change and develop
32
hebbs theory brain adapting
brain changes in response to new experiences
33
hebbs theory engram
learning leaves a trace called engram can be made permanent if we rehearse learning
34
hebbs theory neuronal growth
when learning groups of neurons also called cell assemblies fire together more this happens stronger synaptic connections between them become cell assemblies more efficient change physically and grow so they can manage new learning more effectively
35
strength of hebbs theory
scientific basis for understanding behaviour explained cognitive processes in terms of brain function his work led to an increase focus on brain shows it’s possible to study learning though brain processes
36
strength of hebbs theory
applied to education more stimulating and rich env more cell assemblies grow and learn encourages learning
37
weakness of hebbs study
learning reduced to neuronal level learning involved no of diff levels of understanding eg can also be explained as a cognitive activity that involves change to our thought processes also a social activity we learn by observing others reductionist doesnt look at wider factors
38
structure of brain
two hemispheres 4 lobes + cerebellum
39
4 lobes
frontal parietal occipital temporal
40
frontal lobe
motor area front controls thinking planning and movement
41
parietal lobe
somatosensory area behind frontal sensation processed
42
occipital
visual area back of brain vision
43
temporal
auditory/language area behind frontal and below parietal speech and learning
44
cerebellum
recieves info from spinal and brain movement and balance attention and lang too
45
motor area
movement on opposite side of body
46
somatosensory
sensitive body parts take up most space damage would mean less ability to feel pain
47
visual
damage to left hemisphere would affect right visual field
48
auditory area
damage can lead to deafness
49
language area
left hemisphere only broca’s area wernickes area
50
broca’s area
damage leads to difficulty remembering and forming words
51
wernickes area
damage leads to difficulty understanding and producing meaningful speech
52
penfields aim
to describe psychological responses patients have when parts of brain were electrically stimulated to determine localisation of function
53
penfields method
epileptic conscious local anaesthetic used montreal procedure use to stimulate diff areas 1000 cases
54
penfields results
visual area stimulated colours and shadows somatosensory tingling sensation of a false sense of movement temporal two diff response reliving past experiences emotions or feelings related to experience strong sense of deja vu
55
penfields conclusion
temporal lobe must have role in storing memories of past events stored in two diff ways facts of experience and meaning of the facts for individual interpretive cortex - area that stores info on feelings
56
strength of penfields study
very precise method detailed investigations could stimulate exact same area enables map of brain to be made helping neuroscience
57
weakness of penfields study
unusual sample severe epilepsy epilepsy perhaps changed structure of brain not same in non epileptic brain
58
weakness of penfields study
later research didn’t support original findings 40/520 later said they could recall past experiences when interpretive cortex stimulated interpretive cortex does not respond in same way lacks validity
59
cognitive neuroscience aim
aims to create detailed map of localised functions
60
structure and function of brain relating to behaviour
front and motor: movement temporal and amygdala: emotion and aggression
61
structure and function of brain relating to cognition
diff types of memory on diff areas of brain
62
cognitive neuroscience and mental illness
low serotonin affects thinking eg suicidal thoughts and behaviour eg low mood
63
cognition
mental processes of mind eg memory and perception
64
importance of localisation
damage to areas of brain affect certain areas/ behaviour
65
effects of stroke
brain deprived of oxygen areas of brain die affecting behaviour unless other parts take over localisation of function
66
effects of neurological damage on motor ability
problems with fine and complex movements damage to left hemisphere affects righ vice versa
67
effects of neurological damage on behaviour
broca’s aphasia problems producing speech wernickes aphasia problams understanding speech
68
scanning techniques
ct pet fmri
69
CT scans
large doughnut shaped scanner that rotates lots of x rays that are combined to give detailed pic
70
PET scans
patient injected with radioactive glucose activity shown on computer
71
fMRI
measures change in blood oxygen levels 3d computer image
72
evaluation of ct scan
strength quality higher than regular x ray weakness high levels of radiation still images
73
evaluation of pet scan
strength shows brain in action localisation of function weakness expensive may be unethical due to radiation
74
evaluation of fmri scan
strength clear images without use of radiation weakness expensive have to stay very still
75
tulvings aim
if episodic memories produced blood flow in diff parts of the brain than semantic memories
76
tulvings method
6 volunteers including him and wife injected with radioactive holds active areas shown on pet scan using gamma rays 8 trials 4 episodic 4 semantic random order repeated measure design episodic personal experience semantic historical facts
77
tulvings result
clear difference in blood flow patterns for 3/6 participants semantic memories greater conc of blood flow to posterior cortex (back) episodic anterior cortex (front)
78
tulvings conclusion
episodic and semantic are seperate forms of ltm located in diff parts of brain supports idea of memeory having biological basis diff types of memory localised diff places
79
strength of tulvings study
objective scientific evidence lab tests participants may change behaviour and influence results difficult for participants to do here impossible to fake brain scan unbiased evidence
80
weakness of tulvings
sample restricted only 6 differences in blood flow seen in only 3 inconclusive stat so few showed same pattern of blood flow hard to generalise
81
weakness of tulvings
episodic and semantic very similar no clear divide between two types of memory explains inconclusive results
82
incidence of mental health problems
depression = 2.6/100 anxiety = 4.7/100 ed = 1.6/100 1/2 mental health problems

psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions