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language thought and communication Flashcards

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1
Q

piagets theory

A

thought before language
we learn schemas name after

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2
Q

piagets theory how do children develop language

A

by matching correct words to their existing knowledge of the world
concept comes first then learn to express their understanding

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3
Q

piagets theory in young children

A

can learn language without schema but won’t understand language
only understand when ready (stage of cognitive development)

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4
Q

development of language

A

begin to speak in sensorimotor stage (end of first year)
before 1 developing schemas as they coordinate sensory and motor info
they understand concept of language before they actually use it
pre operational stage rapid language progress
but still egocentric

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5
Q

logical thinking in children

A

concrete operational stage
mature and logical
decentre
new ideas and criticism

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6
Q

strength of piagets theory

A

early lang development not random
eg two word phrases ‘mummy sock’ sock owned by mummy
already some understanding of link between objects and ppl
connected words
start to use lang when right schemas developed

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7
Q

weakness of piagets theory

A

sapir whorf suggests opposite
language before thought
only see the world when lang available
raised in a culture where there is no word for something then cannot think about that particular thing
supported by cross cultural studies
piaget may have been wrong about relationship between language and thought

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8
Q

weakness of piagets theory

A

schemas cannot be scientifically measured
no way to determine if schema is developed
difficult to know they exist as we cannot ask children about them
no proof they exist
not based on solid scientific evidence

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9
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

language affects how we perceive
two versions
weak version - language affects what we perceive and remember
strong version - language determine thought, unable to think for something we have no words for

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10
Q

thinking depends on language

A

words influence our memories and thought

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11
Q

strong version of sapir whorf

A

determines
if lang has no words then ppl who speak that lang will have no way of thinking about it
explains why it’s difficult to translate some words to another language
boas 1911
eskimo language 4 diff words for snow
whorf increased this to 7 implying there might be more
shows how lang and culture are linked
inuit able to think about and perceive snow in many ways unlike english

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12
Q

weak version sapir whorf

A

influences
but not completely determine
english speakers think abt snow without words for it
eg inuit had specific words for “soft snow on the ground”
english can still imagine without specific words
having words makes it easier

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13
Q

which version is better

A

both preferred weaker
info that is more easily described will be remembered more than one that isn’t
if words are limited then ability to recall concept are also limited

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14
Q

weakness of sapir whorf

A

evidence from boas may exaggerated differences in lang between cultures
pullum 1989
only two words for snow in inuit (ground and air)
english also diff words to describe snow eg slush sleet blizzard
language differences not great challenging conclusion

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15
Q

weakness of sapir whorf

A

just because culture has more words doesn’t mean language came first
did not consider why there are cultural differences
perhaps inuit reflects env
inuit experience will have led them to make finer distinctions
thinking came first driving the need for a wider range of words
language develops as we perceive env

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16
Q

strength of sapir whorf

A

explains link between intelligence and language
intelligence influenced by lang
working class use restricted code having negative ability to think
supports language influences thought

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17
Q

the hopi

A

timeless lang
no past present future distinction eg i left on the seventh day
no indication of time passing
influences way they think about time
language influences thought

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18
Q

evaluation of the hopi

A

only based on one individual
others argue their recalling of events are not that diff to english
lacks firm basis in fact

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19
Q

language affects recall of events

A

carmichael 1932
pictures shown
two groups read diff description
asked to draw from memory
drawings reflected labels heard
memory influenced by language (verbal label)

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20
Q

evaluation of carmichael’s study

A

in daily life we aren’t always interpreting ambiguous info
unambiguous less affected by labels

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21
Q

the zuni

A

brown and lenneberg 1954
basic colour absent from lang then affect how easily colour is recognised and recalled
zuni has one word for shades of yellow and orange
more difficult to recall

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22
Q

evaluation of zuni

A

may nota have fully understood task or misunderstood due to language barriers
lacks validity

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23
Q

aim of von frischs study

A

describe bee dances and explain how it allowed communication

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24
Q

method of frischs

A

observing bees in natural habitat
sometimes change aspects eg put food source close to hive and one further away up 300m (controlled observation)
6000 observations

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25
results of frisch
two dance round food less than 100m away in a circle informs others food is nearby waggle figure of eight straight section wiggle abdomen direction of straight line indicates direction of pollen slower further away
26
conclusion of frisch
sophisticated form of animal communication speed and accuracy gives valuable info helps survival
27
strength of frisch
important contribution to science careful observation and objective recording opened ppls eyes to capabilities of animals nobel prize
28
weakness of frisch
important of sound overlooked silent dances were not responded to visual form of dance ,ay just part of a larger communication system
29
weakness of frisch
dance not always responded would not use info from waggle dance to fly to pollen in middle of lake instinctively know that food won’t be found there or may not like water other factors affect response
30
function of animal communication
survival reproduction territory food
31
animal communication survival
vocal signals vervet monkeys communication danger with alarm call visual signals rabbits lift tail pin ears back and leap forward enhances group and individual survival
32
animal communication reproduction
peacocks stretch out feather like umbrella to communicate genetic fitness more likely to have healthy offspring
33
animal communication territory
rhinos leave dung to communicate territorial boundaries better than fighting more likely to be passed on
34
animal communication food
ants leave pheromone trail to communicate food source
35
properties of human communication not present in animal communication
plan future creativity single vs multiple channels
36
plan ahead and discuss future events
animals focused on present eg food source
37
creativity
humans have open system combining many words together animals closed system using communication for specific events cannot make new meaning whilst humans can create infinite no of sentences
38
single vs multiple channels
human lang expressed using multiple channels eg written spoken social media sign language etc animals tend to communicate with single channel eg pheromones
39
eye contact
looking at each other’s eyes at the same time
40
function of eye contact
regulating flow of convo signalling attraction expressing emotion
41
regulating flow of convo
look away when abt to speak prolonged gaze when abt to finish listeners level of interest if not then awkward pauses
42
signalling attraction
using eye contact judged as more attractive evolutionary behaviour that signals attraction to a potential mate
43
expressing emotion
emotions more intense if faces looking straight at them joy and anger most intense when direct gaze fear and sadness most intense when averted gaze
44
strength of eye contact
help ppl to develop this skill some may not use it effectively having a negative impact at work and relationships social skills training can help ppl focus on using eye contact practical help
45
weakness of eye contact
use of rating scales to make judgements studies use of rating scales to make judgements about attractiveness and intensity are not objective measurements rely on ppls opinion on attractiveness open to bias studies of ec not produce sufficiently objective evidence
46
weakness of eye contact
studies involve artificial tasks kendon study asked to get to know someone as part of the experiment artificial situation not how ppl meet in real life may affect ec observed may have felt under pressure or embarrassed lacks validity
47
body language
communication through unspoken movements and gestures
48
open posture
uncrossed acceptance
49
closed posture
crossed arms or legs disagreement
50
postural echo
copying body positions when getting on well in social situation tanner and chartrand participants rated new drink more highly when presented with postural echo produces positive feelings
51
touch
included high fives slapping etc fisher librarian touching student on hand when returning books judged more positively can be used to express friendship or dominance
52
strength of body language
real world application eg in relationships advice may be used with therapists to reassure patient help ppl
53
weakness of body language
not all evs controlled may be other reasons why confederates liked or disliked eg in library study no attempt to control other nvc results lack validity
54
weakness of body language
raise ethical issues participants approached not aware of the experiment deception not given their permission in the first place lack of informed consent not certain if they were debriefed afterwards affects trust they have in psychologists challenges idea of conducting such research
55
personal space
distance we keep between ourselves and others
56
cultural differences in personal space
sorokowska 2017 9000 ppl questioned 42 countries indicate on a drawing their preferred personal space saudi arabia mean figure of 125cm strangers and 95cm friends england 100cm strangers and 55cm friends
57
gender differences in personal space
men larger distance with other men than women to women men sit opposite each other women sit side to side invaded personal space study fisher and byrne in library. women more uncomfortable when invaded from side men more uncomfortable when invaded from front
58
status difference in personal space
zahn 1991 observed at work equal status closer personal space unequal status further distance
59
strength of personal space
help us know interactions in real life understanding cultural and gender differences in personal space can help us to avoid offending eg as a therapist to put ppl at ease reduces misunderstandings
60
weakness of personal space
only look at one factor at a time several factors may be affected eg differences in culture gender and status personality and age conclusions are over simplistic
61
weakness of personal space
unrepresentative sample not possible to represent all ppl with culture or all men/women may not apply to everyone generalisation
62
evolutionary theory
genes that improve survival passed on to reproduce you need to survive adaptive traits and behaviours
63
why is nvc adaptive and evolved
nvc express emotions eg baring teeth is adaptive as it reduces chance of death in conflict
64
human behaviour evolution
ancestors opening eyes widely more adaptive because they could see route to safety easier passed down helps ur express surprise
65
serviceable habits
behaviour of ancestors for survival might not be used by humans for same purpose eg baring teeth signal of aggression humans now bare teeth when angry
66
strength of darwin’s evolutionary theory
supported by research into facial expressions ekman et al 1972 6 primary emotions surprise fear disgust anger happiness and sadness emotions associated with same facial expression in every culture universal suggests its in our genes
67
strength of darwin’s evolutionary theory
supported by studies of new born babies nvc present at birth do not seem to have to learn to smile or eye contact innate have survival value and naturally selected to encourage adults to care for baby nvc is in our genes
68
weakness of darwin’s evolutionary theory
difficulty exposing cultural differences if genetic then should be same in every culture considerable differences in diff cultures especially in personal space evolutionary theory cannot explain all nvc
69
evidence that nvc is innate neonate research
displayed by newborns so innate
70
social releasers
certain neonate behaviour eg smiling makes others want to care adaptive
71
facial expressions
neonates display disgust when given sour things eg citric acid so innate lips curled and nose wrinkled
72
nvc is innate sensory deprived
animal or human without sensory ability thompson 1941 7weeks to 13 yr olds 11 blind from birth compared with control group with vision blind children show similar facial expressions to sighted children
73
nvc is learned cross cultural studies
behaviour from diff culture show they are learned eg contact vs non contact cultures mediterranean and latin countries prefer smaller personal space uk and usa prefer larger space nvc product of cultural norms
74
nvc is learned gestures
hand gestures interpreted differently in different culture eg pointing forefinger can mean diff things like in hindu its offensive
75
explaining cultural differences
social learning theory people learn by observing and imitating behaviour around them especially ppl they identify with
76
yukis aim
to find out if there is a difference in interpretation of emoticons in japan and america
77
method of yukis study
6 emoticons with diff combinations of eyes and mouths participants rated faces in terms of happiness express 9 point scale cross cultural 95 japan 118 america 9 very happy 1 very sad
78
yukis results
japan higher ratings to faces with happy eyes than american particularly true when mouth was sad america higher ratings when mouths happy even when eyes sad
79
yukis conclusion
interpret facial expressions diff japan more likely to focus on yes america on mouth due to culture norms and expectations america bought up to express emotions more openly using eye and mouth japan hide emotions so eyes are better way to tell emotions
80
weakness of yukis study
artificial emoticons do not represent human faces do not include tell tale lines on ppls faces which give us further info on how to interpret mouth or eyes does not mean cultural differences generalise to interpreting real faces may lack relevance to real life
81
weakness of yuki
investigated two types of emotion happy or sad everyday life whole range of emotions eg fear surprise etc japan focus on eyes for happiness or sadness does not mean it’s true for all emotions no insight into full range of emotional expressions are interpreted
82
weakness of yuki
rating scale not best method of measurement emotions are complex rating scales simply way we understand emotions judgements reduced to single number to represent emotion reality we judge a persons expression in terms of a wide range of emotions
83
evidence of nvc as learned gestures
same gesture interpreted differently in diff cultures

psychology (7 decks)

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