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language thought and communication Flashcards

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1
Q

piagets theory

A

thought before language
we learn schemas name after

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2
Q

piagets theory how do children develop language

A

by matching correct words to their existing knowledge of the world
concept comes first then learn to express their understanding

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3
Q

piagets theory in young children

A

can learn language without schema but won’t understand language
only understand when ready (stage of cognitive development)

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4
Q

development of language

A

begin to speak in sensorimotor stage (end of first year)
before 1 developing schemas as they coordinate sensory and motor info
they understand concept of language before they actually use it
pre operational stage rapid language progress
but still egocentric

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5
Q

logical thinking in children

A

concrete operational stage
mature and logical
decentre
new ideas and criticism

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6
Q

strength of piagets theory

A

early lang development not random
eg two word phrases ‘mummy sock’ sock owned by mummy
already some understanding of link between objects and ppl
connected words
start to use lang when right schemas developed

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7
Q

weakness of piagets theory

A

sapir whorf suggests opposite
language before thought
only see the world when lang available
raised in a culture where there is no word for something then cannot think about that particular thing
supported by cross cultural studies
piaget may have been wrong about relationship between language and thought

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8
Q

weakness of piagets theory

A

schemas cannot be scientifically measured
no way to determine if schema is developed
difficult to know they exist as we cannot ask children about them
no proof they exist
not based on solid scientific evidence

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9
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

language affects how we perceive
two versions
weak version - language affects what we perceive and remember
strong version - language determine thought, unable to think for something we have no words for

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10
Q

thinking depends on language

A

words influence our memories and thought

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11
Q

strong version of sapir whorf

A

determines
if lang has no words then ppl who speak that lang will have no way of thinking about it
explains why it’s difficult to translate some words to another language
boas 1911
eskimo language 4 diff words for snow
whorf increased this to 7 implying there might be more
shows how lang and culture are linked
inuit able to think about and perceive snow in many ways unlike english

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12
Q

weak version sapir whorf

A

influences
but not completely determine
english speakers think abt snow without words for it
eg inuit had specific words for “soft snow on the ground”
english can still imagine without specific words
having words makes it easier

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13
Q

which version is better

A

both preferred weaker
info that is more easily described will be remembered more than one that isn’t
if words are limited then ability to recall concept are also limited

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14
Q

weakness of sapir whorf

A

evidence from boas may exaggerated differences in lang between cultures
pullum 1989
only two words for snow in inuit (ground and air)
english also diff words to describe snow eg slush sleet blizzard
language differences not great challenging conclusion

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15
Q

weakness of sapir whorf

A

just because culture has more words doesn’t mean language came first
did not consider why there are cultural differences
perhaps inuit reflects env
inuit experience will have led them to make finer distinctions
thinking came first driving the need for a wider range of words
language develops as we perceive env

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16
Q

strength of sapir whorf

A

explains link between intelligence and language
intelligence influenced by lang
working class use restricted code having negative ability to think
supports language influences thought

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17
Q

the hopi

A

timeless lang
no past present future distinction eg i left on the seventh day
no indication of time passing
influences way they think about time
language influences thought

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18
Q

evaluation of the hopi

A

only based on one individual
others argue their recalling of events are not that diff to english
lacks firm basis in fact

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19
Q

language affects recall of events

A

carmichael 1932
pictures shown
two groups read diff description
asked to draw from memory
drawings reflected labels heard
memory influenced by language (verbal label)

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20
Q

evaluation of carmichael’s study

A

in daily life we aren’t always interpreting ambiguous info
unambiguous less affected by labels

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21
Q

the zuni

A

brown and lenneberg 1954
basic colour absent from lang then affect how easily colour is recognised and recalled
zuni has one word for shades of yellow and orange
more difficult to recall

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22
Q

evaluation of zuni

A

may nota have fully understood task or misunderstood due to language barriers
lacks validity

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23
Q

aim of von frischs study

A

describe bee dances and explain how it allowed communication

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24
Q

method of frischs

A

observing bees in natural habitat
sometimes change aspects eg put food source close to hive and one further away up 300m (controlled observation)
6000 observations

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25
Q

results of frisch

A

two dance
round
food less than 100m away
in a circle
informs others food is nearby

waggle
figure of eight
straight section wiggle abdomen
direction of straight line indicates direction of pollen
slower further away

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26
Q

conclusion of frisch

A

sophisticated form of animal communication
speed and accuracy gives valuable info
helps survival

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27
Q

strength of frisch

A

important contribution to science
careful observation and objective recording
opened ppls eyes to capabilities of animals
nobel prize

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28
Q

weakness of frisch

A

important of sound overlooked
silent dances were not responded to
visual form of dance ,ay just part of a larger communication system

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29
Q

weakness of frisch

A

dance not always responded
would not use info from waggle dance to fly to pollen in middle of lake
instinctively know that food won’t be found there or may not like water
other factors affect response

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30
Q

function of animal communication

A

survival
reproduction
territory
food

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31
Q

animal communication survival

A

vocal signals
vervet monkeys communication danger with alarm call

visual signals
rabbits lift tail pin ears back and leap forward

enhances group and individual survival

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32
Q

animal communication reproduction

A

peacocks stretch out feather like umbrella to communicate genetic fitness
more likely to have healthy offspring

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33
Q

animal communication territory

A

rhinos leave dung to communicate territorial boundaries
better than fighting
more likely to be passed on

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34
Q

animal communication food

A

ants leave pheromone trail to communicate food source

35
Q

properties of human communication not present in animal communication

A

plan future
creativity
single vs multiple channels

36
Q

plan ahead and discuss future events

A

animals focused on present eg food source

37
Q

creativity

A

humans have open system combining many words together
animals closed system using communication for specific events
cannot make new meaning whilst humans can create infinite no of sentences

38
Q

single vs multiple channels

A

human lang expressed using multiple channels eg written spoken social media sign language etc
animals tend to communicate with single channel eg pheromones

39
Q

eye contact

A

looking at each other’s eyes at the same time

40
Q

function of eye contact

A

regulating flow of convo
signalling attraction
expressing emotion

41
Q

regulating flow of convo

A

look away when abt to speak
prolonged gaze when abt to finish
listeners level of interest
if not then awkward pauses

42
Q

signalling attraction

A

using eye contact judged as more attractive
evolutionary behaviour that signals attraction to a potential mate

43
Q

expressing emotion

A

emotions more intense if faces looking straight at them
joy and anger most intense when direct gaze
fear and sadness most intense when averted gaze

44
Q

strength of eye contact

A

help ppl to develop this skill
some may not use it effectively having a negative impact at work and relationships
social skills training can help ppl focus on using eye contact
practical help

45
Q

weakness of eye contact

A

use of rating scales to make judgements
studies use of rating scales to make judgements about attractiveness and intensity are not objective measurements
rely on ppls opinion on attractiveness
open to bias
studies of ec not produce sufficiently objective evidence

46
Q

weakness of eye contact

A

studies involve artificial tasks
kendon study asked to get to know someone as part of the experiment
artificial situation
not how ppl meet in real life
may affect ec observed
may have felt under pressure or embarrassed
lacks validity

47
Q

body language

A

communication through unspoken movements and gestures

48
Q

open posture

A

uncrossed
acceptance

49
Q

closed posture

A

crossed arms or legs
disagreement

50
Q

postural echo

A

copying body positions when getting on well in social situation
tanner and chartrand participants rated new drink more highly when presented with postural echo
produces positive feelings

51
Q

touch

A

included high fives slapping etc
fisher librarian touching student on hand when returning books judged more positively
can be used to express friendship or dominance

52
Q

strength of body language

A

real world application
eg in relationships
advice may be used with therapists to reassure patient
help ppl

53
Q

weakness of body language

A

not all evs controlled
may be other reasons why confederates liked or disliked
eg in library study no attempt to control other nvc
results lack validity

54
Q

weakness of body language

A

raise ethical issues
participants approached not aware of the experiment
deception
not given their permission in the first place
lack of informed consent
not certain if they were debriefed afterwards
affects trust they have in psychologists
challenges idea of conducting such research

55
Q

personal space

A

distance we keep between ourselves and others

56
Q

cultural differences in personal space

A

sorokowska 2017
9000 ppl questioned 42 countries
indicate on a drawing their preferred personal space
saudi arabia mean figure of 125cm strangers and 95cm friends
england 100cm strangers and 55cm friends

57
Q

gender differences in personal space

A

men larger distance with other men than women to women
men sit opposite each other
women sit side to side
invaded personal space study fisher and byrne
in library.
women more uncomfortable when invaded from side
men more uncomfortable when invaded from front

58
Q

status difference in personal space

A

zahn 1991 observed at work
equal status closer personal space
unequal status further distance

59
Q

strength of personal space

A

help us know interactions in real life
understanding cultural and gender differences in personal space can help us to avoid offending
eg as a therapist to put ppl at ease
reduces misunderstandings

60
Q

weakness of personal space

A

only look at one factor at a time
several factors may be affected eg differences in culture gender and status
personality and age
conclusions are over simplistic

61
Q

weakness of personal space

A

unrepresentative sample
not possible to represent all ppl with culture or all men/women
may not apply to everyone
generalisation

62
Q

evolutionary theory

A

genes that improve survival passed on
to reproduce you need to survive
adaptive traits and behaviours

63
Q

why is nvc adaptive and evolved

A

nvc express emotions
eg baring teeth is adaptive as it reduces chance of death in conflict

64
Q

human behaviour evolution

A

ancestors opening eyes widely more adaptive because they could see route to safety easier
passed down
helps ur express surprise

65
Q

serviceable habits

A

behaviour of ancestors for survival
might not be used by humans for same purpose
eg baring teeth signal of aggression
humans now bare teeth when angry

66
Q

strength of darwin’s evolutionary theory

A

supported by research into facial expressions
ekman et al 1972 6 primary emotions
surprise fear disgust anger happiness and sadness
emotions associated with same facial expression in every culture
universal
suggests its in our genes

67
Q

strength of darwin’s evolutionary theory

A

supported by studies of new born babies
nvc present at birth
do not seem to have to learn to smile or eye contact
innate
have survival value and naturally selected
to encourage adults to care for baby
nvc is in our genes

68
Q

weakness of darwin’s evolutionary theory

A

difficulty exposing cultural differences
if genetic then should be same in every culture
considerable differences in diff cultures especially in personal space
evolutionary theory cannot explain all nvc

69
Q

evidence that nvc is innate
neonate research

A

displayed by newborns so innate

70
Q

social releasers

A

certain neonate behaviour eg smiling makes others want to care
adaptive

71
Q

facial expressions

A

neonates display disgust when given sour things eg citric acid so innate
lips curled and nose wrinkled

72
Q

nvc is innate
sensory deprived

A

animal or human without sensory ability
thompson 1941 7weeks to 13 yr olds 11 blind from birth
compared with control group with vision
blind children show similar facial expressions to sighted children

73
Q

nvc is learned
cross cultural studies

A

behaviour from diff culture show they are learned
eg contact vs non contact cultures
mediterranean and latin countries prefer smaller personal space
uk and usa prefer larger space
nvc product of cultural norms

74
Q

nvc is learned
gestures

A

hand gestures interpreted differently in different culture
eg pointing forefinger can mean diff things like in hindu its offensive

75
Q

explaining cultural differences

A

social learning theory
people learn by observing and imitating behaviour around them
especially ppl they identify with

76
Q

yukis aim

A

to find out if there is a difference in interpretation of emoticons in japan and america

77
Q

method of yukis study

A

6 emoticons with diff combinations of eyes and mouths
participants rated faces in terms of happiness express 9 point scale
cross cultural
95 japan 118 america
9 very happy 1 very sad

78
Q

yukis results

A

japan
higher ratings to faces with happy eyes than american
particularly true when mouth was sad

america
higher ratings when mouths happy even when eyes sad

79
Q

yukis conclusion

A

interpret facial expressions diff
japan more likely to focus on yes
america on mouth
due to culture norms and expectations
america bought up to express emotions more openly using eye and mouth
japan hide emotions so eyes are better way to tell emotions

80
Q

weakness of yukis study

A

artificial
emoticons do not represent human faces
do not include tell tale lines on ppls faces which give us further info on how to interpret mouth or eyes
does not mean cultural differences generalise to interpreting real faces
may lack relevance to real life

81
Q

weakness of yuki

A

investigated two types of emotion happy or sad
everyday life whole range of emotions eg fear surprise etc
japan focus on eyes for happiness or sadness does not mean it’s true for all emotions
no insight into full range of emotional expressions are interpreted

82
Q

weakness of yuki

A

rating scale not best method of measurement
emotions are complex
rating scales simply way we understand emotions
judgements reduced to single number to represent emotion
reality we judge a persons expression in terms of a wide range of emotions

83
Q

evidence of nvc as learned
gestures

A

same gesture interpreted differently in diff cultures

psychology (7 decks)

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