memory

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

changing info so it can be held in the brain

Question 2

visual encoding

Answer 2

changing info by how it looks so it can be stored

Question 3

acoustic encoding

Answer 3

changing info by how it sounds so it can be stored

Question 4

semantic

Answer 4

changing info by its meaning so it can be stored

Question 5

storage

Answer 5

holding info in memory so it can be retrieved later

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

locating and bringing back info into mind

Question 7

three types retrieval

Answer 7

recognition
cued recall
free recall

Question 8

recognition

Answer 8

identifying from options

Question 9

cued recall

Answer 9

locating info with a clue

Question 10

free recall

Answer 10

remembering without cues

Question 11

how are words encoded in stm

Answer 11

acoustically

Question 12

how are words encoded in ltm

Answer 12

semantically

Question 13

episodic memory

Answer 13

memory from events in your life

Question 14

semantic memory

Answer 14

memory of the meaning of things

Question 15

procedural memory

Answer 15

memory on how to do things

Question 16

declarative

Answer 16

require conscious recall

Question 17

strength of different types of memory

Answer 17

brain scans have shown separate locations in the brain for each of the three types of memory supporting the idea of different kinds of memory
episodic-right prefrontal
semantic-left prefrontal
procedural-motor area

Question 18

strength of different types of memory

Answer 18

people who experience loss of memory due to brain damage lose only certain kinds of memory
amnesiacs like CW support LTM types
most of his procedural but not his episodic memories were intact

Question 19

weakness of different types of memory

Answer 19

types of LTM are difficult to separate so it may be an oversimplification eg our episodic and semantic memories are very closely linked in some case for example our facts about a singer may be linked to an event such as a concert you went to

Question 20

bartletts study aim

Answer 20

to see how memory is reconstructed when recalling a familiar story

Question 21

bartletts study method

Answer 21

war of the ghosts study was read by one participant and asked to recall 15 mins later then showed new version to other participant and so on (serial reproduction)
belonged to a culture that was very different to theirs

Question 22

bartletts results

Answer 22

participants remembered different parts
interpreted story within their own frames of social and cultural expectations to make it make sense
story was shortened
phrases used were changed to their own culture’s language
recalled version became fixed

Question 23

bartletts conclusion

Answer 23

don’t remember details remember fragments then use knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memory
remembered meaning as reconstructed version is simpler to remember

Question 24

weakness of bartletts study

Answer 24

conducted casually with no set standards in where and how people recalled
Gauld and Stephenson 1967 study found recall more accurate when participants were told that accurate recall was important from beginning

Question 25

weakness of Bartletts study

Answer 25

own beliefs are likely to have affected way he interpreted data
analysed each type of recall and had to decide if it was accurate
since he believed that recall is affected by cultural expectations he is more likely to see that effect

Question 26

weakness of bartletts study

Answer 26

story was unusual
may not reflect everyday reconstruction process
in everyday life our memory usually is not affected by cultural expectations
tells us little about everyday life

Question 27

theory of reconstructive memory

Answer 27

people rebuild memory as an active process
fragments of info remembered and then rebuilt into meaningful whole

Question 28

social and cultural influences on reconstruction

Answer 28

info that didn’t fit with their frames were transformed

Question 29

effort after meaning

Answer 29

focus on meaning of events after make effort to interpret meaning in more familiar terms

Question 30

strength of theory of reconstructive memory

Answer 30

support by bartletts
study reflects how memory works in everyday life which is more realistic than remembering word lists which are artificial
social origins of memory were obscured in artificial memory

Question 31

weakness of theory of reconstructive memory

Answer 31

wrong to suggest all memories are inaccurate
personal and distinctive events people remember accurate detail
people do not always actively reconstruct memories

Question 32

strength of theory of reconstructive memory

Answer 32

explains problems with eyewitness testimony
study showed memory is always accurate so eyewitness testimony can’t fully be trusted and relied on

Question 33

inference

Answer 33

forgetting when two memories compete with each other

Question 34

context in memory

Answer 34

contact of learning acts as a trigger cue when trying to remember
context enhances accuracy

Question 35

false memories

Answer 35

act of imagining a memory can implant false memory into someone’s mind
false memories act as an example of reduced accuracy in memory