*Psychological Explanations:Psychodynamic

Question 1

What are the three parts that make up the personality according to psychodynamic theory?

Answer 1

Id, Ego, Superego

Question 2

When is the superego formed?

Answer 2

At the end of the phallic stage of development

Question 3

What complex must a child resolve for the superego to develop?

Answer 3

Oedipus complex (or Electra complex)

Question 4

What principle does the superego operate on?

Answer 4

Morality principle

Question 5

How does the superego exert its influence?

Answer 5

By punishing the ego through guilt or wrongdoing and rewarding it with pride for good moral behavior

Question 6

According to Blackburn, what happens if the superego is deficient?

Answer 6

Offending behavior is inevitable

Question 7

What is the weak superego?

Answer 7

Occurs when the same gendered parent is absent during the phallic stage, preventing full internalization

Question 8

What is the deviant superego?

Answer 8

Occurs when a child internalizes immoral or deviant values

Question 9

What can lead to offending behavior in terms of a deviant superego?

Answer 9

A boy raised by a criminal father may not associate guilt with wrongdoing

Question 10

What characterizes an over-harsh superego?

Answer 10

Develops from overly harsh parenting, leading to guilt and anxiety

Question 11

What can an over-harsh superego unconsciously drive a person to do?

Answer 11

Commit a crime to satisfy the superego’s need for punishment

Question 12

What role does emotion play in the functioning of an adequate superego?

Answer 12

Primitive emotional demands guide moral behavior

Question 13

What does the psychodynamic approach acknowledge in the context of offending behavior?

Answer 13

The role of anxiety and guilt

Question 14

Who proposed the theory of maternal deprivation?

Answer 14

Bowlby

Question 15

What is the consequence of failing to establish a relationship with a mother figure in early years?

Answer 15

Damaging and irreversible consequences

Question 16

What can develop due to maternal deprivation?

Answer 16

Affectionless psychopathy

Question 17

What are the characteristics of affectionless psychopathy?

Answer 17

• Lack of guilt
• Lack of empathy
• Likely to engage in delinquency
• Unable to form close relationships

Question 18

What did Bowlby find in his study of juvenile thieves?

Answer 18

14 had characteristics of affectionless psychopathy; 12 experienced prolonged separation from mothers

Question 19

What supports the link between offending and the superego?

Answer 19

Research such as Goreta’s analysis of offenders

Question 20

What did Goreta find in his study of offenders?

Answer 20

All had superego disturbances and unconscious guilt

Question 21

What is a limitation of the inadequate superego theory?

Answer 21

It isn’t often supported in research

Question 22

What is a common misconception regarding harsh parenting and guilt?

Answer 22

Harsher parents often raise rebels who rarely express guilt or self-criticism

Question 23

What is a gender bias in Freud’s theory regarding superego development?

Answer 23

Girls are suggested to develop a weaker superego due to less intense identification

Question 24

What did Hoffman find in his temptation test regarding gender differences?

Answer 24

No gender difference

Question 25

What did Lewis find regarding maternal deprivation and future offending?

Answer 25

Maternal deprivation was a poor predictor of future offending

Question 26

What does a link between prolonged separation and offending not imply?

Answer 26

A causal relationship

Question 27

Maternal deprivation may be one reason for offending but not the _______.

Answer 27

[only reason]