*Offender Profiler:Bottom Up Approach

Question 1

What is the aim of the bottom up approach?

Answer 1

To generate a picture of the offender

This includes characteristics, behaviors, and background.

Question 2

How is the bottom up approach conducted?

Answer 2

Through systematic analysis of evidence at the crime scene

It does not begin with fixed typologies.

Question 3

What type of profile does the bottom up approach create?

Answer 3

A data-driven profile

The profile emerges during deeper scrutiny of the offence details.

Question 4

What is investigative psychology?

Answer 4

Applying statistical procedures and psychological theory to the analysis of crime scene evidence

It aims to establish patterns of behavior across crime scenes.

Question 5

What does investigative psychology create for comparison?

Answer 5

A statistical database

This database helps match offense details against it to reveal information about the offender.

Question 6

What is interpersonal coherence?

Answer 6

The way an offender behaves at the scene of a crime or interacts with the victim

It may give clues about their everyday behavior.

Question 7

What do most rapists seek during the crime?

Answer 7

Control and humiliation of their victims

Some may display apologetic behavior.

Question 8

Why is the time and place of a crime important?

Answer 8

It provides details about where the offender lives

This can help in profiling the offender.

Question 9

What is forensic awareness?

Answer 9

An offender’s tendency to cover their tracks based on previous police history

Those with a history may be more cautious.

Question 10

What does geographical profiling infer?

Answer 10

The offender’s home or base from the location of linked crimes

This is also known as crime mapping.

Question 11

What is the basis of Canter and Larkin’s circle theory?

Answer 11

Offenders operate within a limited area familiar to them

Offender home/base is often at the center of crimes.

Question 12

What are marauders?

Answer 12

Offenders who operate in close proximity to their home base

They are contrasted with commuters.

Question 13

What did Canter and Heritage analyze?

Answer 13

66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis

They identified common behaviors across different samples.

Question 14

What is case linkage?

Answer 14

Determining if two or more offenses were committed by the same person

It relies on identifying characteristic patterns of behavior.

Question 15

What are the limitations of investigative psychology?

Answer 15

Case linkage depends on the database consisting of historical and solved crimes

It may not provide insights for unsolved crimes.

Question 16

What did Lundrigan and Canter study?

Answer 16

Information from 120 murder cases involving serial killers in the US

They found spatial consistency in the behaviors of the killers.

Question 17

What is a ‘centre of gravity’ in geographical profiling?

Answer 17

The disposal site of each body creating a circle around the killer’s home/base

This effect is greater for killers who travel short distances.

Question 18

What are the limitations of geographical profiling?

Answer 18

Not sufficient on its own and depends on the quality of police data

Crime recording is not always accurate, and many crimes go unreported.

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The timing of the offence and the age/experience of the offender is equally important according to _______.

Answer 19

Ainsworth

This highlights the need for comprehensive profiling.