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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a psychological disorder?

A

The characteristic pattern of abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviours, which causes distress for the afflicted individual and impairs his or her daily life.

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2
Q

What must a deviant behaviour also be considered for it to be considered a disorder?

A

Distressful to the point of dysfunction

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3
Q

What do mental health workers typically use as an authority to reference to diagnose psychological disorders?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

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4
Q

Why was the DSM created?

A

To collect statistical data and help standardise the classification of disorders by providing detailed descriptions of relevant symptoms

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5
Q

How does the DSM focus on why disorders develop or how to treat them?

A

It does not focus on why disorders develop or how to treat them?

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6
Q

What does the DSM do?

A

Aids an often difficult and subjective diagnosis process

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7
Q

What are the two main types of approaches that affect how particular disorder is treated?

A

Biomedical approach and biopsychosocial approach

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8
Q

What is the goal of The biomedical approach and the biopsychosocial approach?

A

Same goal; to improve the patient’s well-being

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9
Q

How do the biomedical approach and the biopsychosocial differ in perspective?

A

Each model has different perspectives on the relevant factors contributing to the disorder and the scope of remedies required for treatment

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10
Q

Is the biomedical approach or the biopsychosocial approach the standard model used today?

A

Biomedical approach

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11
Q

What does the biomedical approach assume?

A

Assumes that all the stress and disability are grounded primarily in certain biomedical factors

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12
Q

What do professionals who use the biomedical approach focus on?

A

Focus on identifying and correcting the pathology to provide symptom relief

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13
Q

Is the biomedical approach or the biopsychosocial approach well suited for simple or straightforward disorders were diagnostic tests are useful and that causes are well understood?

A

Biomedical approach

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14
Q

Does the biomedical approach or the biopsychosocial approach fail to acknowledge external factors that may be relevant to the disorder?

A

Biomedical approach

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15
Q

Is the biomedical approach or the biopsychosocial approach often considered to be narrower than other approaches and fairly limited in its overall effectiveness when dealing with complex psychological disorders?

A

Biomedical approach

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16
Q

Is the biopsychosocial approach or the biomedical approach the much broader model of evaluating psychological disorders?

A

Biopsychosocial approach

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17
Q

What does the biopsychosocial approach assume?

A

Assumes that there are important psychological and social components to any disorder in addition to biological influences

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18
Q

What does the biological component of the biomedical approach in the biopsychosocial approach include?

A

Includes any evolutionary, structural, or genetic influences

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19
Q

What does the psychological component of the biopsychosocial approach include?

A

The individuals attitudes, beliefs, emotions, and behaviours that are related to the disorder

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20
Q

What does the social component of the biopsychosocial approach include?

A

Encompasses the socio-economic, socio-environmental, and cultural factors that influence one’s perception of their disorder

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21
Q

Is the biomedical approach or the biopsychosocial approach a more holistic and individualised approach used to diagnose and treat psychological disorders?

A

Biopsychosocial approach

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22
Q

What is prevalence in psychological disorders?

A

The proportion of individuals in a population that either have or have had a particular mental disorder

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23
Q

What are the seven most important psychological disorders on the MCAT?

A

Anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, somatoform disorders, associative disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease

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24
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A state of inner turmoil characterised by nervousness, worry, and unease

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25
Q

When individuals anxiety begins to interfere with normal living and lasts for at least six months, what is he or she diagnosed with?

A

An anxiety disorder

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26
Q

Well the exact cause of anxiety disorders is unknown, they are most often associated with _____.

A

Chronic stress

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27
Q

Chronic environmental stressors can lead to physiological changes in what two places?

A

Body and mind

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28
Q

What are the five main types of anxiety disorders?

A

1) generalised anxiety disorder
2) panic disorder
3) phobic disorders
4) obsessive compulsive disorder
5) post traumatic stress disorder

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29
Q

What is a mental illness characterised by feelings of anxiety that are out of proportion with the individuals everyday problems?

A

Generalised anxiety disorder

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30
Q

What is GAD usually accompanied with?

A

Depression

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31
Q

Does GAD prevent an individual from having a normal career and life?

A

No, but it makes things very difficult

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32
Q

What disorder is marked by repeated panic attacks that cripple normal living?

A

Panic disorder

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33
Q

What is a panic attack?

A

The unexpected, sudden onset of terror, and increased heart rate, faintness, weakness, and tingling in the hands

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34
Q

What a panic attack’s often mistaken for?

A

Heart attacks

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35
Q

When can panic attacks occur?When do they begin?

A

Any time in life and usually begin in late adolescence

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36
Q

What disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterised by an extreme, irrational fear towards a specific stimulus?

A

Phobic disorders

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37
Q

What does a person suffering from a phobic disorders do?

A

Goes to great lengths in order to avoid the stimulus, which usually causes distress and impairment

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38
Q

What are the five most common phobic disorders? What do they mean?

A

1) agoraphobia – fear of open space
2) claustrophobia – fear of confined space
3) acrophobia – fear of heights
4) arachnophobia – fear of spiders
5) Haemophobia – fear of blood

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39
Q

What type of therapy focuses on the patient’s own realisation of their irrational and dysfunctional thoughts (phobias)?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

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40
Q

How to systematic desensitisation work to cure phobias?

A

Gradually exposes the individual to the stimulus they are afraid of

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41
Q

What is a type of anxiety disorder characterised by repetitive obsessions and compulsions?

A

Obsessive – compulsive disorder

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42
Q

What is an obsession in OCD?

A

Unreasonable and repeated thought that leads to compulsions

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43
Q

What is a compulsion in OCD?

A

Repeated behaviour is aimed at reducing anxiety

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44
Q

Is a person who suffers from OCD likely aware of their disorder?

A

Maybe aware of their irrational behaviour, but restricting their compulsions often only increases the feelings of anxiety

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45
Q

In OCD, Typically __ Centre on particular themes that characterise the ______

A

Obsessions; compulsions

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46
Q

What anxiety disorder develops after a person is exposed to a dramatic event?

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

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47
Q

Well many people experience terrifying events that require coping mechanisms, people suffering from PTSD experience symptoms on the order of _____ that interfere with their ____ _____.

A

Years; daily lives

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48
Q

The symptoms of distressing flashbacks, difficulty sleeping, emotional numbness, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, hopelessness, difficulty maintaining relationships, irritability, and aggressiveness, and self-destructive behaviour signal what anxiety disorder?

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

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49
Q

Symptoms of PTSD usually emerge within what time length of the initial stressor? How long must these last to be considered PTSD?

A

Three months of the initial stressor; must last longer than a month

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50
Q

What is PTSD often accompanied with?

A

Depression and substance abuse

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51
Q

How are anxiety disorders generally treated?

A

A combination of medications and psychotherapy

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52
Q

What are the most common medications given to those suffering from anxiety disorders?

A

Antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta blockers

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53
Q

What is another term for anti-anxiety drugs?

A

Benzodiazepines

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54
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

Help combat anxiety

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55
Q

What is the function of beta blockers?

A

Help prevent the physical symptoms associated with anxiety

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56
Q

What is the main treatment of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

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57
Q

What do people who suffer from depressive disorders experience?

A

Anhedonia

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58
Q

What is another term for depressive disorders?

A

Mood disorders

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59
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

A loss of the capacity to experience pleasure

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60
Q

What are the most common symptoms of depressive disorders?

A

1) persistent sadness
2) hopelessness
3) irritability
4) loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed
5) fatigue
6) changes in eating habits
7) . Decreased libido
8) thoughts of suicide or suicide attempts

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61
Q

What are the three major depressive disorders?

A

1) major depression
2) persistent depressive disorders
3) bipolar disorder

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62
Q

What is another name for major depression?

A

Clinical depression

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63
Q

What is major depression?

A

A mental illness characterised by multiple severe symptoms of depression that last for the majority of the time for at least two weeks

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64
Q

People suffering from what depressive disorder have a low mood and lack of interest in activities that wants seeing enjoyable?

A

Major depression

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65
Q

What three areas does major depression influence?

A

Thinking, perception, and behaviour

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66
Q

What is another term for persistent depressive disorder?

A

Dysthymia

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67
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder?

A

A depressed mood that lasts the majority of the time for two or more years

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68
Q

Although major depression may occur only once, most people are afflicted with several episodes of what throughout their lives?

A

Depression

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69
Q

For a person to have persistent depressive disorder, they must have two of what six characteristics?

A

1) change in appetite
2) sleep too much or too little
3) fatigue
4) low self esteem
5) trouble concentrating
6) hopelessness

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70
Q

People with persistent depressive disorder also experience periodic episodes of what?

A

Major depression

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71
Q

What is another term for bipolar disorder?

A

Manic depressive illness

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72
Q

What is bipolar disorder characterised by?

A

Safely intense mood changes that off and again dream late adolescence or early adulthood

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73
Q

What is the range of moods for a person suffering from bipolar disorder?

A

Extreme highs and extreme lows

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74
Q

What extreme highs in bipolar disorder?

A

Mania

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75
Q

What extreme lows in bipolar disorder?

A

Depression

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76
Q

What are examples of low mood symptoms in bipolar disorder?

A

Lack of interest in activities that one seemed enjoyable

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77
Q

What are examples of high mood symptoms in bipolar disorder?

A

Feelings of joy and happiness, restlessness and impulsivity

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78
Q

Between highs and lows in bipolar disorder, what symptoms do people possess?

A

No symptoms

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79
Q

What is a mild form of bipolar disorder characterised by episodes of hypomania and depression lasting for at least two years?

A

Cyclothymia

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80
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Less severe episode of mania in which a person is highly productive, energised, and happy to a degree that is out of proportion to the individuals normal mood

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81
Q

What is the treatment for bipolar disorder?

A

No cure but rather to control mood swings

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82
Q

What drugs are used to treat bipolar disorder?

A

Mood Stabilisers, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, and psychotherapy

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83
Q

Depressive disorder is caused by a combination of what four factors?

A

Psychological, biological, genetic, and environmental factors

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84
Q

Do individual is suffering from depression tend to have overall enlargements or reductions in brain size and other brain structures?

A

Reduction

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85
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Long-term memory formation and recall

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86
Q

Depressive disorder is our associated with what specific smaller brain structure?

A

Hippocampus

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87
Q

Prolonged exposure to stress hormones decreases neuronal growth within what brain structure?

A

Hippocampus

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88
Q

What does the Monoamine theory of depression contend?

A

Contends that the mood disorder is associated with decreased activity of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine

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89
Q

What three neurotransmitters are associated with the Monoamine theory of depression?

A

Serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine

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90
Q

Where is serotonin released from in the Monoamine theory of depression?

A

Raphne nuclei

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91
Q

Where is noradrenaline released from in the Monoamine theory of depression?

A

Locus coeruleus

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92
Q

Where is dopamine released from in the Monoamine theory of depression?

A

Ventral tegmental area

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93
Q

What three brain structures contributing to depression are abnormal in the Monoamine theory of depression?

A

Raphe nuclei, locus ventral tegmental area

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94
Q

Are antidepressants almost all agonists or antagonists of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine? What does this support?

A

Agonists; supports the idea that depressive disorders are caused by deficits in Monoamines

95
Q

Those who suffered from clinical depression without treatment reveal increased numbers of what types of receptors?

A

Serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine

96
Q

When the body attempt to compensate for neurotransmitter deficits, what does it do?

A

Increases the number of receptors for that neurotransmitter

97
Q

What does the neuroplasticity theory of depression propose?

A

Proposes that the processes associated with the neurons ability to adapt are disrupted in depressive disorders

98
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

A physiological disorder characterised by physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to a physical cause, substance abuse, or other mental illness

99
Q

Are the symptoms of a somatic form disorder real?

A

They are real and can disrupt a person’s functioning

100
Q

What are five types of somatoform disorders?

A

1) somatization disorder
2) conversion disorder
3) hypochondriasis
4) body dysmorphic disorders
5) pain disorders

101
Q

What is a somatization disorder?

A

A long-term condition characterised by physical symptoms in more than one part of the body without physical cause

102
Q

What is a conversion disorder?

A

A condition in which neurological symptoms appear without medical cause

103
Q

What is hypochondriasis?

A

A mental illness in which people believe that they suffer from a serious illness in the absence of an actual medical condition

104
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

A psychological disorder characterised by an excessive concern over a physical flaw

105
Q

What is a pain disorder?

A

A psychological condition marked by chronic pain in one or more areas of the body without neurological or physiological basis

106
Q

What is a dissociative disorder?

A

Disruption of memory, awareness, identity, or perception

107
Q

When does a dissociative disorder develop?

A

Developed following a psychologically traumatic experience, usually during childhood

108
Q

Why do dissociative disorders develop?

A

To keep harmful, self-damaging thoughts are of the conscious mind

109
Q

What are the three types of dissociative disorders?

A

1) dissociative identity disorder
2) dissociative amnesia
3) depersonalisation disorders

110
Q

What is another name for dissociative identity disorder?

A

Multiple personality disorder

111
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

A mental disorder characterised by two or more distinct identities that alternatively control a person’s behaviour

112
Q

Why do dissociative identities develop?

A

Physical and/or sexual childhood abuse

113
Q

What does dissociated identity disorder serve as?

A

A coping mechanism to dissociate the trauma (abuse) from one’s consciousness

114
Q

What disease is characterised by lapses in memory, time loss, mood swings, sleep disorders, anxiety, and suicidal tendencies?

A

Dissociative identity disorder

115
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A

Severe impairment of memory recall

116
Q

When does dissociative amnesia begin?

A

Following a stressful or traumatic event

117
Q

What disorder is characterised by an inability to remember information about one’s self and past experiences, which can last on the order of minutes to years?

A

Dissociative amnesia

118
Q

How does dissociative amnesia differ from regular amnesia?

A

Amnesia is due to ageing or brain injury, in dissociative amnesia, The memories are still present, just temporarily inaccessible

119
Q

What are depersonalisation disorder is marked by?

A

Recurrent detachment from one’s self or surroundings

120
Q

What disorder is characterised by a feeling that you are watching yourself from outside your body or that the things around you are not real?

A

Depersonalisation disorder

121
Q

Why does depersonalisation disorder develop?

A

Severe trauma

122
Q

According to the DSM, what is a personality disorder?

A

A persistent, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of behaviour that deviates dramatically from what is culturally expected

123
Q

Because personality disorder is our chronic and constantly expressed, they often cause what three negative effects?

A

1) distress
2) diminished impulse control
3) impaired emotional and interpersonal activity

124
Q

When do personality disorders tend to develop?

A

During adolescence and early adulthood

125
Q

Why are personality disorders caused?

A

Early trauma and genetics

126
Q

Before a personality disorder can be properly diagnosed what factors must be ruled out?

A

Potentially causative factors such as substance abuse, dissociative and anxiety disorders

127
Q

What are the three main types of personality disorder clusters?

A

Cluster A–odd and eccentric
Cluster B– dramatic and emotional
Cluster C–anxious and fearful

128
Q

What personality disorders are included in cluster A?

A

Odd and Eccentric

1) paranoid
2) schizoid
3) schizotypal

129
Q

What is a paranoid personality disorder characterised by?

A

Pervasive suspicion and distrust of others

130
Q

What is a schizoid personality disorder?

A

A personality characterised by a deeply detached, unemotional, and introspective lifestyle

131
Q

What personality cluster is a schizoid personality disorder?

A

Cluster A

132
Q

What personality cluster is a paranoid personality disorder?

A

Cluster A

133
Q

What personality cluster is a schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Cluster A

134
Q

What type of personality disorder and cluster is characterised by individuals who are often apathetic with few close friends and poor social skills?

A

Schizoid personality disorder; cluster A

135
Q

What is schizotypal personality disorder typically characterised by?

A

Eccentric behaviours and perceptions, social anxiety, and magical thinking

136
Q

What is magical thinking in schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Beliefs that are grounded and fantasy or superstition

137
Q

What are the four personality disorders in cluster B?

A

1) antisocial
2) borderline
3) histrionic
4) narcissistic

138
Q

Is antisocial personality disorder and more common in males or females?

A

Males

139
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder characterised by?

A

Disregard for others, impulsive and aggressive behaviour, and a marked lack of conscience

140
Q

Patients with antisocial personalities are commonly referred to as?

A

Sociopaths or psychopaths

141
Q

Serial killers and animal abusers often display what type of personality?

A

Antisocial personality

142
Q

Is borderline personality disorder more common in males or females?

A

Females

143
Q

What characterises borderline personality disorder?

A

Unstable mood, behaviours, self image, and emotions

144
Q

What is notable about borderline personality disorder relationships?

A

Patients often have dramatic and Unstable relationships as well as a strong fear of abandonment

145
Q

What personality disorder is characterised by people who constantly seek attention, are easily susceptible to peer pressure, and possess dramatic, but shallow and rapidly changing emotions?

A

Histrionic personality disorder

146
Q

What is narcissistic personality disorder characterised by?

A

A lack of empathy, sense of entitlement, and inflated sense of self importance

147
Q

What personality cluster is an antisocial personality disorder?

A

Cluster B

148
Q

What personality cluster is a borderline personality disorder?

A

Cluster B

149
Q

What personality cluster is a histrionic personality disorder?

A

Cluster B

150
Q

What personality cluster is a narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Cluster B

151
Q

What are cluster C personality disorders?

A

Anxious and fearful

1) avoidant
2) dependent
3) obsessive compulsive

152
Q

What personality cluster is an avoidant personality disorder?

A

Cluster C

153
Q

What personality cluster is a dependent personality disorder?

A

Cluster C

154
Q

What personality cluster is an obsessive compulsive personality disorder?

A

Cluster C

155
Q

What is an avoidant personality disorder typically characterised by?

A

Characterised by extreme shyness, sensitivity to criticism and rejection, and strong feelings of inadequacy

156
Q

In what type of personality disorder do people often avoid risks and change due to an impairing fear of failure?

A

Avoidant personality disorder

157
Q

What is dependent personality disorder characterised by?

A

A lack of self confidence and a persistent need for reassurance and encouragement

158
Q

In What type of personality disorder are people often indecisive and fear being independent?

A

Dependent personality disorder

159
Q

What characterises obsessive compulsive personality disorder?

A

Extreme preoccupation with rules, order, details and control

160
Q

What personality disorder patient tends to be very rigid, stubborn, and unable to delegate tasks or responsibilities?

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

161
Q

What is the classic psychotic disorder?

A

Schizophrenia

162
Q

What is schizophrenia characterised as?

A

A brain disorder characterised by an abnormal interpretation of reality accompanied by disorganised and disturb thoughts, emotions, and behaviours

163
Q

Although schizophrenia means split mind, what does it really refer to?

A

Disconnect with reality

164
Q

What are the two types of symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms and negative symptoms

165
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Extra behaviours or feelings that are not experienced by healthy people

166
Q

What are examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking, and disorganised behaviour

167
Q

What are delusions?

A

False personal beliefs that are strongly maintained despite logical reasoning or contradictory evidence

168
Q

What are three types of schizophrenic delusions?

A

1) delusions of grandeur
2) delusions of persecution
3) delusions of being controlled

169
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Perceptions that occur without any external source

170
Q

What is the most common type of schizophrenic hallucination?

A

Auditory–hearing imaginary voices that other people do not

171
Q

Schizophrenics also experience illusions. What are illusions?

A

Perceptions that are related to an external source, but they are misinterpreted

172
Q

What is disorganised thinking in schizophrenia?

A

Is inferred from disorganised speech and encompasses communication that is ineffective, impaired, illogical

173
Q

In severe cases of schizophrenia, meaningless words are strong together in a phenomena known as?

A

Word salad

174
Q

In what ways does disorganised behaviour from schizophrenia manifest itself?

A

Ranges from difficulty performing daily tasks to bizarre posture and unpredictable agitation

175
Q

Generally speaking do positive symptoms or negative symptoms respond favourably to medication?

A

Positive symptoms respond favourably

176
Q

What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

Appear as a lack or reduction of normal behaviours or feelings

177
Q

What are the four types of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

1) affective flattening
2) anhedonia
3) avolition
4) catadonia

178
Q

What is affective flattening as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Involves a reduction in emotional expression and is often characterised by a blank face and monotonous voice

179
Q

What does anhedonia describe as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Describe someone’s ability to experience pleasure

180
Q

Anhedonia is closely paired with what other negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Avolition

181
Q

What is avolition as a negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

A reduction in motivation

182
Q

In severe cases of schizophrenia, what negative symptom can present itself?

A

Catatonia

183
Q

What is catatonia as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A

A state of immobility and sustained, awkward positioning

184
Q

Schizophrenia is diagnosed when any two of the positive or negative symptoms schizophrenia persist for longer than what period of time?

A

One month

185
Q

When do men tend to show symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Late teens and early twenties

186
Q

When do women tend to show symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Mid twenties to early thirties

187
Q

What are the four distinct subtypes of schizophrenia that are defined by the most significant and predominant symptoms present at a given time?

A

1) paranoid
2) disorganised
3) catatonic
4) undifferentiated

188
Q

What is the most common subtype of schizophrenia?

A

Paranoid schizophrenia

189
Q

What is paranoid schizophrenia characterised by?

A

Characterised by delusions and hallucinations

190
Q

In paranoid schizophrenia, what are the typical types of delusions and hallucinations?

A

Delusions are typically grandeur and persecution; hallucinations are typically auditory

191
Q

What is disorganised schizophrenia characterised by?

A

Characterised by affective flattening as well as disorganised thoughts and behaviour

192
Q

Is the disorganised schizophrenia associated with delusions or hallucinations?

A

No

193
Q

What is catatonic schizophrenia characterised by?

A

A dramatic reduction in movement to the point of immobility and agitated resistance to changing positions, or a dramatic increase of excessive and purposeless movement

194
Q

What is unique about the symptoms of undifferentiated schizophrenia?

A

It lacks distinct, predominant, or persistent symptoms

195
Q

Regardless of the subtype, the ____ of development plays a crucial factor in the likelihood of recovery from schizophrenia

A

Speed

196
Q

Is schizophrenia that develops rapidly (acute schizophrenia) associated with positive symptoms or negative symptoms? Does this lead to better recovery?

A

Positive symptoms; has a higher chance of recovery

197
Q

Is schizophrenia that develops slowly (chronic or process schizophrenia) associated with positive symptoms or negative symptoms? Does this lead to better recovery?

A

Negative symptoms, do not respond well to medication and is harder to recover from

198
Q

What is acute or reactive schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia that develops rapidly

199
Q

What is chronic or process schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia that develops slowly

200
Q

What are the three biological factors that most heavily affect the onset of schizophrenia?

A

Brain structure, dopamine hyperactivity, and genetics

201
Q

Schizophrenics possess a smaller than normal _______, cortex, and decreased _____ _____ activity

A

Thalamus, cortex, frontal lobe

202
Q

Schizophrenia is highly correlated with overly abundant ______ in the brain.

A

Dopamine

203
Q

Many studies provide significant evidence that schizophrenia is _____ ______.

A

Highly heritable

204
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

A progressive nervous system disorder characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia

205
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterised by the loss of what type of neurons?

A

Dopaminergic

206
Q

Where are dopaminergic neurons lost due to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra of the basal ganglia

207
Q

When do symptoms of Parkinson’s disease typically appear?

A

Between the ages of 50 and 60 and progressively worsen thereafter

208
Q

What are the four most common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A 
TRAP
T. Tremor at rest
R. Rigidity of muscles 
A. Akinesia
P. Posture stooped
209
Q

What is the specific and general part of the brain impacted by Parkinson’s disease?

A

Specific: substantia nigra pars compacta
General: Basal Ganglia

210
Q

Individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease have what occurring in what part of the body?

A

Accelerated cell death;substantia nigra pars compacta

211
Q

What does accelerated cell death in substantia nigra pars compacta lead to?

A

Reduced activity of dopamine secreting cells

212
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Under a transmitter responsible for communication between the substantia nigra pars compacta and the striatum

213
Q

What is the connection for the neurotransmitter pathway of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the striatum? What type of pathway is this?

A

Nigrostriatal pathwat; neural pathway in motor control

214
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, when cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta die, what happens to the concentrations of dopamine? What does this lead to?

A

Decreased concentrations of dopamine; which results in decreased activity of cells in the cerebral cortex that are responsible for normal movement

215
Q

What is a Lewy body?

A

And abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein bound to ubiquitin that is found within damaged dopaminergic neurons

216
Q

Although the cars are Parkinson is is unknown, research has shown that there is a ______ factor to the disease.

A

Genetic

217
Q

_____ _____ are found in the midbrain during autopsy results are considered evidence that a person suffered from Parkinson’s disease.

A

Lewy bodies

218
Q

Although there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, there are various treatments that help control the symptoms including medication is to increase ____ levels such as _____

A

Dopamine; levodopa

219
Q

Diseases including Parkinson is and Alzheimer’s are _____ in nature

A

Neurodegenerative

220
Q

What do neurodegenerative diseases mean?

A

Diseases that result from the loss or damage to neuronal cells

221
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialised cells, in the adult brain are capable of regenerating neurons and neural support cells

222
Q

What are the two strategies currently in use with stem cells to direct them to become target specialised cells?

A

1) cell implantation

2) trophic factors

223
Q

What is cell implantation in stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated neural cells are grown in a laboratory dish and are treated in culture to become a specialised cells before implantation or are directly implanted into the body to rely on endogenous signals to drive there maturation into a specialised neuronal cell

224
Q

How do trophic factors work with stem cells?

A

Trophic factors sparked the patient’s own stem cells and repair system

225
Q

What are trophic factors?

A

Growth hormones that facilitate cell growth and repair

226
Q

What type of psychological disorder is characterised by excessive nervousness, worry, and Unease?

A

Anxiety disorders

227
Q

What psychological disorder is characterised by are persistently low mood or cyclicly extreme moods?

A

Depressive disorders

228
Q

What psychological disorder is characterised by physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to a physical cause, substance abuse, or other mental illness?

A

Somatoform disorder

229
Q

What psychological disorder is characterised by the destruction of memory, awareness, identity, or perception, usually following a traumatic events?

A

Dissociative disorders

230
Q

What disease is characterised by persistent and inflexible behaviour that is maladaptive and deviates from cultural expectations?

A

Personality disorder

231
Q

What personality disorder is characterised by an abnormal interpretation of reality accompanied by disorganised and disturb thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that severely impaired normal living?

A

Schizophrenia

232
Q

What psychological disorder is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra and TRAP symptoms?

A

Parkinson’s disease

233
Q

What disease is characterised by memory dysfunction due to the formation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and general atrophy of the brain?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Psychology (8 decks)

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