Emotion, Stress, Motivation, Addiction Flashcards
What is emotion?
A temporary subjective experience based on your physiological arousal, your interpretation of the recent events, and your behavioural response
What three factors interact your form your emotional expression?
Physiology, cognition, and behaviour
What does the physiological component of emotion refer to?
The body’s physical changes in response to a situation
What does the cognitive component of emotion account for?
A person’s interpretation of the situation
Why does the behavioural component Account for emotion?
Includes the bodily expression of emotion, both observed in others and felt within one’s own body
What does the James Lange Theory of emotion postulate?
Physiological arousal and behavioural response PRECEDE the experience of emotion
What does the Cannon Bard theory of emotion postulate?
Physiological response and conscious awareness of the emotion are both experienced simultaneously
What is another term for the Schachter-singer theory of emotion?
Two factor theory
What does the Schachter-singer theory of emotion postulate?
Cognitive evaluation of one’s physiological arousal results and experience of emotion
How does the Schachter-singer theory of emotion explain a reaction to an event? (Two factors giving direction)
Physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal
The idea that previously arousing events can affect one’s reaction to the next event is called?
Spillover effect
What are the two main biological components that play a role in perceiving emotion?
Autonomic nervous system and the limbic system
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that prepares the body to act or react to emotionally stimulating event
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
What nervous system division is responsible for the fight or flight response?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for rest and digest?
Parasympathetic nervous system
That I will never never assistant influences many organisms including?
Eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, adrenal gland, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and bladder
When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the physiological changes that occur do what with the bodies energy?
Dave are all of the bodies energy toward escaping
What system is composed of a variety of other structures and is located above the brainstem and below the cerebral cortex?
Limbic system
What for main structures of the limbic system are responsible for emotion?
Hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
What does the hypothalamus do in terms of emotion?
It is responsible for regulating the autonomic nervous system; By controlling the endocrine system and regulating the release of hormones it influences the physiological component of emotion
What body system (not nervous system) does the hypothalamus regulate? What does this allow for the hypothalamus to influence?
By controlling the endocrine system and regulating the release of hormones it influences the physiological component of emotion
What does the thalamus do?
It is the primary really station for almost all sensory input in the brain
What sensory information is processed by the valourous where is directed to? And where is its final destination?
Amygdala; appropriate location within the cerebral cortex
Why does the thalamus play a role in emotion?
It plays a vital role in sensation and perception
What structure in the brain is responsible for memory formation?
Hippocampus
Which structure in the brain transfer short-term memories into long-term memory storage?
Hippocampus
Without the campus, what type of new memories could not be acquired?
Explicit
What is an Almond shaped bilateral structure responsible for assessing especially stimulating events as well as forming emotional memories?
Amygdala
While an unprocessed sensory stimulus has not reached the cerebral cortex, what is the amygdala responsible for?
Instantaneous response to an emotional event; simultaneously sending signals to the hypothalamus for processing
What effect does destroying the amygdala have? What effect does stimulating the amygdala have?
Destruction leads to tameness and a mellowed effect; stimulation leads to intense emotions, especially fear, aggression, and violence
How does Kluver-Bucy syndrome arise?
Bilateral destruction of both amygdalae
What is the result of Kluver- Bucy syndrome?
Flat affect, hyperorality (compulsion to put things in ones mouth) hyper sexuality and behavioural disinhibition
What body part is responsible for emotional learning?
Amygdala
What are the two ways sensory information processed in the thalamus reaches the amygdala? Which pathway is faster?
1) While an unprocessed sensory stimulus has not yet reached the cerebral cortex, the amygdala is responsible for the instantaneous response to emotional event simultaneously sending signals to the hypothalamus for processing
2) thalamus to cerebral cortex
First is faster pathway
Is the cerebral cortex part of the limbic system?
No
What organ plays a role in the cognitive component of emotion?
Cerebral cortex
Of the two sensory processing pathways from thalamus to the amygdala, which is the faster pathway? Which is the higher order pathway and why?
Thalamus to amygdala is faster because it is an automatic response; thalamus to cerebral cortex is the higher order path because it involves higher order processing.
What section of the brain functions in decision-making, problem-solving, and behavioural control?
Prefrontal cortex
What part of the brain controls how we interpret situation and thus how we emotionally respond to it?
Prefrontal cortex
What is the difference between the amygdala and cerebral cortex in emotional processing?
Amygdala gives a first response (often anger or aggression)
Cerebral cortex thinks through an emotional response
What are the six universal emotions?
Happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust
How do moods differ from emotions ?
Moods are of much longer duration and are typically less intense
Our moods or emotions more likely to be triggered by a specific stimulus?
Emotions
What are the two types of moods?
Positive or negative (good or bad)
What are the two adaptive functions of emotion?
Motivation and communication
What is a state of mental and physical tension caused by a threatening or demanding situation?
Stress
What is the largest factor that determines whether a situation is stressful or not?
Our appraisal of the situation
What is an appraisal?
Evaluation of life’s events based on experience, instinct, and personality
When our appraisal of the situation exceeds our ability to cope, what do we perceive the situation as?
Stressful
What is the stimulus that causes stress known as?
Stressor
What three or’s can a stressor be?
Positive or negative
Acute or chronic
Physical or psychological
What do negative stressors induce?
Anxiety, decreased performance, and physiological damage
What are positive stressors associated with?
Excitement, increased performance, and motivation
What is a short-term and discrete type of stressor?
Acute stressor
What is it long term and damaging type of stressor?
Chronic stressor
Stress always has what two components?
Psychological and physical component
What does a physical stressor do?
Places strain on the body
What does a psychological stressor do?
Places strain on the mind
What are the four different types of stressors?
Catastrophes, major life events, Microstressors, and ambient stressors
What are unforeseen events that cause a great degree of stress such as natural disasters and wars?
Catastrophes
What are rare positive or negative changes such as divorce, marriage, or the death of a family member?
Major life events
What are microstressors?
Daily hassles, including daily annoyances of day-to-day life that can be stressful
What are ambient stressors?
Global challenges that that individuals on a subconscious level, such as pollution, crime, city noise, and cultural expectations
The response to stressors has what four types of effects?
Physiological, emotional, behavioural, and psychological
What does that physiological component of stress response account for?
Physical changes to the body
When a person is faced with a challenge or threat, the body transitions to one of what two responses?
Fight - or – flight
Tend – and – befriend
During the fight or flight response, what does the body do?
The body prepares itself for stress by diverting energy to the vital organs needed for escape
What is the sympathetic nervous system a division of?
Autonomic nervous system
What does the endocrine system release during the fight or flight response?
Medulla of Adrenal glands–Catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
Cortex of Adrenal Glands–cortisol
How is the sympathetic nervous system initiate the response to the fight or flight reaction?
Increase in heart rate, respiratory rate and peripheral Vasoconstriction to increase the oxygen in blood supply and to expel carbon dioxide.
Reduces functions that are not vital to recovering from the stressor
What is the tend – or – befriend response?
A behavioural response to stress characterised by seeking social support and caring for offspring
During stress hormone is released? Where is this released from? And what does this hormone do?
Oxytocin; posterior pituitary hormone; plays a role in intimacy, bonding, and attachment
Why is the tend – or – befriend response considered more female orientated?
Estridge and enhances the effects of oxytocin and females have higher levels of estrogen
What did Hans Selye propose?
General Adaption Syndrome
What does the general adaption syndrome stress model explain?
Explains the three distinct stages of the reaction to stress
What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome ?
1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion
What is the alarm phase of GAS?
The initial reaction to the presence of a stressor
What is the resistance phase of GAS?
The body is flooded with hormones. Although not as intense as the immediate arousal of the alarm phase, the body continues its response as the body gradually grows weaker.
What happens in the exhaustion phase of GAS?
The body become drained of its energy store and loses its ability to respond to the stressor
What does the body become susceptible to in the exhaustion phase of GAS?
Illness, tissue and muscle damage, and possibly death
What does the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA Axis) do?
Controls the stress response and mediates the general adaption syndrome
What is the HPA axis a circulation of?
A circulatory system of hormonal control is between the hypothalamus, but with a glands, and adrenal glands
What is the HPA axis responsible for the release of and the inhibition of?
Release of glucocorticoids
Inhibition of The immune system in the presence of glucose to focus all attention on a stressor
Outline the steps of the HPA axis.
1) para ventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in response to a stressor
2) CRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
3) ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex stimulating the release of glucocorticoid hormones (specifically cortisol) into the blood stream
4) The release of cortisol initiates a negative feedback loop, acting back on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to suppress the release of CRH and ACTH
What is cortisol?
A major stress hormone that suppresses the immune response and breaks down glycogen into glucose for energy
What do you chronically high blood glucose levels result in?
Diabetes
What is cortisol increase in the blood?
Glucose levels
What is diabetes?
Are metabolic disease characterised by high blood glucose levels for a prolonged period of time
What does cortisol do to the immune system?
Weakens the immune system by preventing inflammation, making the body more susceptible to infection and increasing the time it takes for a wound to heal
What is hypertension?
Prolonged high blood pressure
What are coronary arteries?
Arteries supplying a heart with blood
What is lumen in the arteries?
Open space of the vessel
Plaque buildup in the coronary arteries progressively narrowing the lumen of the arteries reducing bloodflow results in what disease?
Coronary artery disease
What is the end stage of coronary artery disease? What is this?
Heart attack; cessation of bloodflow to the heart resulting in cardiac tissue death from lack of oxygen
Can stress affect male and female reproduction?
Yes
What is gonadotropin releasing hormone responsible for in females?
Stimulating there release of LH and FSH (hormones responsible for the reproductive process)
What does stress do to levels of Gonadotropin releasing hormone? What does this in turn do?
Decreases levels of GnRH and subsequently levels of LH and FSH in the body; this results in lower levels of estrogen and progesterone, as well as irregular menstrual cycles; eggs are not released and it is more difficult to become pregnant
What do high levels of cortisol do in males?
High levels of cortisol inhibit the production of testosterone; chronic stress can eventually lead to decreased from production or maturation of sperm as well as importancy, or erectile dysfunction
When a stressor is present, we are staying ability become strained and requires what mechanism to restore it?
Compensatory mechanism, stress response
What is eustress? What can it do?
Positive stress; increased performance, concentration, resilience, and motivation
What is an example of the body adapting to stress?
Running a marathon, without training the body may fail, but with training the body will not find the experience so stressful
What is depression?
A mood disorder characterised by feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities that are normally considered enjoyable
What is the loss of interest in enjoyable activities due to depression called?
Anhedonia
What are some of the factors leading to depression?
Genetic, cognitive, behavioural
What mood disorder can high levels of stress lead to?
Depression
What is anxiety?
A state of inner turmoil characterised by nervousness, worry, and unease.
What is the type of anxiety disorder characterised by repetitive obsessions and compulsions
Obsessive compulsive disorder
What type of anxiety disorder is characterised by an extreme, irrational fear towards a specific stimulus?
Phobic disorders
When does PTSD develop?
It develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event
What is post-traumatic stress disorder associated with?
Associated with flashbacks, loss of interest, difficulty sleeping, increased reactivity, and emotional numbness
What type of personality describes competitive, ambitious, organised, timely, and self-critical personalities?
Type A
What time personality is easy going, creative, reflective, and less competitive?
Type B
What are the various conscious strategies aimed at reducing are managing stress levels?
Coping/coping mechanism
What are the three types of coping strategies?
Appraisal Focused, problem focused, and emotion focused
What type of coping strategies are directed at modifying one’s perception of stress?
Appraisal focused strategies
What type of coping strategies are directed at modifying the stressor itself?
Problem focused strategies
What type of coping strategy is focused at reducing the emotional response?
Emotion focused strategies
When you re-evaluate the meaning of emotional stress are in transform initially negative event into a positive event, what is this called?
Cognitive reappraisal
What does physical activity release? What do these do?
Endorphins; natural painkillers
What is the mindbody practice that focuses attention on induces relaxation?
Meditation
What is the process that gives behaviour its energy and direction?
Motivation
Where are five different variables that influence motivation ?
Instinct, drive, incentive, arousal and need
What was the original believed reason for motivation?
We are all genetically predisposed to act a certain way via instinct
What is instinct?
An innate behaviour we do without for thought, controls each of our wants and desires
How are instincts released?
Releasing stimuli
What is the idea that physiological needs create a state of tension or arousal that drives the organism to reduce the need for performance?
Drive Reduction Theory
What is a need?
An excess or deficiency related to homoeostatic balance or survival
What is a drive?
The intervening variable that energises behaviour
What is the goal of the drive reduction theory?
Some commodity or change that reduces the drive
What is the automatic adjustment is the body makes to restore stability when there is departure from the set, narrow range of tolerance?
Homeostasis
What does reinforce the account for in the drive reduction theory?
Motivational direction of behaviour
What does reinforcement in the drive reduction theory mean?
A need produces a drive stimulus, which which becomes associated with the response that reduces the drive
By incorporating energy into the drive reduction theory, what two things are accounted for in regards to behaviour?
Energy and direction
Drives _____ us towards performing a specific behaviour, incentives _____ us toward one.
Push, pull
What theory proposes that the pull of external stimuli, rather than just the push of internal drives can motivate behaviour. (Ex. People eat ice cream for pleasure not just because they are hungry)
Incentive theory or motivation
What is the term for the magnitude and anticipation of the reward?
Incentive
What did Crespi, an incentive theorist discover from his rat food levels experiment?
It is not only the reward as a reinforcer (the sensory experience) but also the reward as an incentive (the anticipation) that allows it to control motivation
What two things can an emotional state do to influence a persons energy and direction of behaviour?
Increase/decrease how fast they move
Direct what they want to go and get
What does the arousal theory of motivation suggest?
People are driven to perform certain actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal
What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law state?
Performance increases with increasing arousal, but only to a certain extent
What is the hierarchy of needs? Who created it?
Abraham Maslow; an arrangement of needs in the form of a pyramid to demonstrate that some motives are more compelling (have a greater motivational influence) than others
What does the humanistic theory of motivation focus on?
Focuses on the individual and the role of self concept
What is self concept?
How we perceive ourselves
What is the humanistic theory of motivation suggest?
People are motivated by desire to reach their full potential and they can only do so when their most basic needs are met
What is at the base of Maslow’s pyramid?
Lowest: physiological needs: food, water, shelter, and sleep
Above: safety needs: love and acceptance, self esteem and respect
What is at the top of the hierarchy of needs?
Self actualisation and self transcendence
What are the five main motivators that can affect changes in behaviour?
Instinct, drives, incentives, arousal, and needs
What does the cognitive theory of motivation suggest?
Thinking is sufficient to explain behaviour
How do cognitive theorists view motivation?
As of that process, rather than automated response
What are the three main cognitive theories of motivation?
Expectancy value theory, goalsetting theory, and attribution theory
What is the expectancy value theory?
Proposes that a person is motivated both by their expectancy and value of a goal
In the expectancy value theory, What does expectancy refer to? What does value refer to?
Expectancy–refers to a belief that they will succeed
Value–cost benefit analysis of a particular situation (what will it cost to obtain the goal, what is the benefit of obtaining the goal)
What does the goalsetting theory suggest?
A persons drive to reach and the end state, as well as the characteristics of a particular goal, motivate the performance
What is the criterion for a highly motivated goal in the goal setting theory?
SMART Specific Measurable Accurate Realistic Timely
What does the attribution theory suggest?
Proposes that motivation stems from peoples perceptions of their own successes and failures
In the attribution theory what suggest whether an outcome is successful or unsuccessful?
Four factors: internal or external and stable or unstable
What is the Pavlovian instrumental transfer?
Process by which environmental stimuli can motivate instrumental behaviour
What are the two types of Pavlovian Instrumental transfer (PIT)?
Specific PIT
General PIT
When does Specific PIT occur?
happens when the presence of a conditioned stimulus motivates a behaviour to obtain that specific reward
When does general P I T occur?
Occurs when a conditioned stimulus activates a general psychological system, which in turn motivates of behaviour to obtain a different reward
What must the condition stimulus be in general PIT in order for the behaviour to occur?
Motivationally relevant
What is The feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by a lack of food?
Hunger
Where did AL Washburn and Walter cannon theorise that hunger came from?
Hunger was derived from the stomach pangs felt from food deprivation; eventually disproven
What is the local theory of motivation?
Holds that all deficit stimuli arise in the periphery of the body, and not in the brain; eventually disproven
What levels triggered the correction response of eating?
Brain glucose levels
What area of the brain is dense with glucoreceptors and was thought to be the control Centre for hunger?
Hypothalamus
What is the dual hypothalamic hypothesis?
It suggests that the start signal for hunger was located in the lateral hypothalamus while the stop signal was located in the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Besides the ventromedial hypothalamus, what other components at as stop signals to control eating behaviour?
Hormones
What is a hormone released in the gut during the consumption of fats which activates the vagus nerve to send stop signals to the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Cholecystokinin
What is a satiety hormone that is always present in the body and is responsible for telling how much energy the body has?
Leptin
What function does Leptin (hormone) have in eating?
Functions as a stop signal for the ventromedial hypothalamus by repressing anabolic circuits and activating catabolic circuit, thereby blocking appetite stimulation.
What is an anabolic pathway?
Anabolic pathways build molecules and require energy.
What is a catabolic pathway?
Catabolic pathways break down molecules and produce energy.
What is the main female sex hormone? What does it do?
Estrogen; peaks during ovulation and stimulates sexual receptivity
What is the main male sex hormone? What does it do?
Testosterone; male sex hormone that directs the physical development of sex characteristics and behaviour
What two influences have a greater effect on the human sexual motivation?
Psychological and sociocultural factors
What are the psychological influences on human sexual motivation?
Erotic materials, memories, fantasies, the desire to be loved, peer pressure, coping mechanisms, and physical enjoyment
What are the sociocultural factors that influence the human desire for sexual motivation?
Family values, religious beliefs; sex in the mass media, and gender roles
What does the dual hypothalamic hypothesis believe the thalamus does?
Hunger and the brain’s reward centre
What type of pathway is the mesolimbic pathway? Where does it begin and end?
Dopaminergic; begins at ventral tegmental area and ends at nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex
Where is the nucleus accumbens found? What does it experience with food rewards, social interaction, sexual stimuli, and abused drugs?
Ventral striatum; increased dopamine levels
When dopamine agonists are injected into the nucleus accumbens, what happens to the motivational value of the stimulus?
Increases (becomes more desirable)
What input into the nucleus accumbens mediated the ability of reward paired cues to motivate behaviour?
Dopaminergic input
What is the chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the addictive individual and those around them?
Addiction
When increased exposure to a drug results in a state of degree sensitivity to it, what is this condition called?
Drug tolerance
When a person’s normal physiological state depends upon the presence of a drug, it’s immediate elimination can trigger an averse reaction called?
Withdrawal
What are the four main theories of addiction?
Allostasis, associative learning, incentive sensitisation, and fronto-striata dysfunction
What is another name for the allostasis theory?
Physical dependence theory
What is the allostasis theory?
The idea that addiction results from a process of maintaining apparent homeostatic stability through a change but at a price.
All drugs of abuse trigger the release of excess _____ in the brain’s reward centre
Dopamine
When excess dopamine is released into the brain’s reward centre, the body then wants to maintain homeostasis, what is the correction response called?
Opponent process
What is the opponent process correction response?
This adaptation opposes the initial emotional effects of the drug by slowly developing a counteractive process that gradually becomes larger, and eventually, completely masks the initial effects of the drug once had
What does the allostasis theory believe that drug use is driven by? What does this mean?
Drug use is driven by negative reinforcement
It is less about feeling high and more about not feeling bad
What is the associative learning theory of addiction based off of?
The idea that cues in the environment can come to elicit addictive behaviour
What do the principals of classical conditioning suggest in the associative learning theory of addiction?
Settings and drug related stimuli can compel an addict to seek drugs, causing them eventually to relapse, despite the negative consequences
The Idea that a range of environmental cues can encourage maladaptive behaviour suggests addiction is a result of
Subconscious controls
What does the incentive sensitisation theory of addiction state?
Exposure to psychoactive drugs changes the brain circuitry that is normally responsible for the pleasurable effects of incentives
According to the incentive sensitisation theory of addiction, the pleasurable incentive of the value of drugs_____with repeated exposure to certain individuals
Incentive
Proponents of the incentive sensitisation theory note that what increases from taking the drug and what does not increase?
The anticipation of pleasure from drugtaking (wanting) increases
The pleasure derived from taking the drug (liking) does not increase
What is liking in the incentive sensitisation theory of addiction?
The hedonic, emotional experience of a drug
What is wanting in the incentive sensitisation theory of addiction?
The motivational influence of the drug
What does the incentive sensitisation theory attribute addiction to?
Physical changes in the brain from repeated exposure to a drug that, in turn, enhances The drug seeking and motivational impact of cues in the environment
The frontal-striata dysfunction theory is also known as what?
Impulsivity
What does The frontal-striata dysfunction theory suggest?
Drug induced prefrontal cortex dysfunction leads to inability to inhibit maladaptive behaviour
What is the striatum region of the brain responsible for?
Coordinating body movements with motivation
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
The region responsible for planning, decision-making, and behavioural control
Cues in the environment can trigger drug seeking via what sensitisation pathway in what part of the brain?
Dopamine sensitisation; striatum
What part of the brain has the ability to send signals down to the striatum and inhibit urges triggered by various stimuli?
The cortex
When drugs are abused, what area of the brain is damaged? What is this area responsible for?
Frontal cortical regions; responsible for inhibiting inappropriate behaviour
How do genetic factors relate to drug abuse?
Can influence how a person in responds to a certain drug, thereby influencing his or her vulnerability to drug related problems
Where do cognitive theories attribute drug abuse to? What do social learning theories attribute drug abuse to?
Expectation of the effects; observational learning, peer interactions, and perceptions of control
What are naturally occurring or synthesised substances that, upon entering the body, produce qualitative changes in this subconscious experience?
Psychoactive drugs
What are the three types of psychoactive drugs?
Depressants, stimulants, psychoactive drugs
What do depressants do? How do they do this?
Slowdown the central nervous system activity; increasing the activity of GABA and decreasing the activity of Glutamate
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
What is the most widely used depressant?
Alcohol
What does alchohol do to the brain?
Alcohol suppresses the higher social regulatory functions of the cerebral cortex, lowering inhibitions
If a woman consumes alcohol during pregnancy, her children can develop what disease?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Where are effects of fetal alcohol syndrome?
Brain damage, mental retardation, and physical deformities
What are two common sedatives?
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
What are sedatives used for?
To treat anxiety, tension, and sleep disorders
What type of drugs are sedatives and opioids?
Depressants
What are opioids used to do?
Used for their analgesic effects to of pain relief
How do opioids act?
Act by reducing the intensity of the pain signals that reach the brain and is responsible for controlling the areas of the brain responsible for emotion
Where do opioids bind?
Bid to receptors whose primary function is to bind to endorphins
When opioids bind to the normal binding location of endorphins, what is this used to do?
Reduce one’s perception of pain
When opioids are abused, what area of neurochemical activity is impacted? What does this lead to?
Brain stem and limbic system–leads to the depression of automatic body functions such as breathing
What do stimulants do?
Increase the activity of the CNS
How do stimulants increase activity in the CNS?
Enhancing effects of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain through various mechanisms
What is the effect of the increase in activity in the CNS via stimulants?
Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood glucose levels, increased alertness, self confidence and physical endurance
When are stimulants taken?
Counteract fatigue, decrease appetite, improve concentration, and control attention disorders
How do stimulants work?
Work by releasing dopamine and seratonin or by blocking their reuptake within the synapse
What is one of the most widely used stimulants?
Nicotine
What is the main ingredient found in tobacco?
Nicotine
What does nicotine do to the CNS?
Acts on the CNS to bind to the nicotine cholinergic receptors in the brain and stimulating the production of epinephrine and dopamine
What receptors does nicotine bind to? What do these produce?
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors; stimulates the production of epinephrine and dopamine
Since nicotine is an agent that can disturb the normal development of a fetus, what is it considered?
Teratogen
What type of psychoactive drug can cause distortions in perceptions of one’s reality
Hallucinogens
People under the influence of what type of drug report seeing, hearing, and feeling sensations that are not real and having intense mood swings?
Hallucinogens
What does LSD stand for?
Lysergic acid diethylamide
What type of hallucinogen that results in a distorted emotional experience based on the dosage and the user’s personality and the environment at the time of the ingestion
LSD
What is the major euphoric ingredient in marijuana?
THC
What is marijuana classified as?
A mild hallucinogen
How does marijuana work to produce a high?
Affects the nervous system by over activating the endocannabinoid system resulting in a ‘high’
What role do the cannabinoid receptors play?
Receptors play a role in memory, pleasure, concentration, sensory and time perception, and motor coordination
What are the three types of depressants?
Alcohol, opioids, sedatives
What are the types of opioids?
Morphine, heroin, codeine
What are the types of sedatives?
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
What are the five types of stimulants?
Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamines MDMA
What is another name for amphetamines?
Adderall
What is the common name for MDMA?
Estacy
What are two types of hallucinogens?
Marijuana and LSD
What is another name for LSD?
Acid
What is the effect of alcohol on the nervous system?
Neuronal death, reduction in white and gray matter; interferes with nerve conduction and suppresses excitatory activity
What is the effect of opioids on the nervous system?
Brain eventually stops producing its own endorphins; bind opioid receptors
What is the effect of sedatives on the nervous system?
Depresses forebrain and brainstem, enhances GABA activity at synapses
What is the effect of caffeine on the nervous system?
Blocks action if adenosine; inhibits suppression of neural activity leading to increased firing of dopaminergic neurons
What is the effect of nicotine on the nervous system?
Causes the release of dopamine by mimicking acetylcholine at presynaptic cholinergic receptors in the brain
What is the effect of cocaine on the nervous system?
Blocks dopamine, epinephrine, and seratonin reuptake at the synapse
What is the effect of amphetamines on the nervous system?
Blocks dopamine reuptake at the synapse; produces dopamine release
What is the effect of MDMA on the nervous system?
Releases dopamine; releases stored serotonin and blocks its reuptake
What is the effect of marijuana on the nervous system?
Overactication of the endocannabinoid system; binds to cannabinoid receptors
What is the effect of LSD on the nervous system?
Mimics effects of serotonin; inhibits the release of serotonin, thus reducing its competition on postsynaptic receptors; dopamine agonist
What is the effect of alcohol on behaviour?
Deficit in cognition, mood swings , relaxation, lowered alertness, disinhibition, impairment in coordination and judgment
What is the effect of opioids on behaviour?
Euphoria, pain tolerance, drowsiness, cognitive impairment, delirium
What is the effect of sedatives on behaviour?
Slurred speech, depressed arousal, poor judgment, slow reflexes, drowsy, uncoordinated
What is the effect of caffeine on behaviour?
Increased alertness, decreased drowsiness, improved performance
What is the effect of nicotine on behaviour?
Euphoria, relaxation/calming, increased concentration
What is the effect of cocaine on behaviour?
Increases alertness, increased energy, euphoria and self confidence
What is the effect of amphetamines on behaviour?
Treats depression and ADHD, enhances cognitive performance, euphoria
What is the effect of MDMA on behaviour?
Social disinhibition, enhanced wakefulness, improved energy, increased arousal, increased intimacy
What is the effect of marijuana on behaviour?
Difficulty thinking, meaningful conversation is difficult, emotional intensification, feelings of paranoia, motor impairment, euphoric high
What is the effect of LSD on behaviour?
Irrational thoughts, rapid emotional shifts, distorted perception of reality, inability to communicate with others
What is the brain’s naturally occurring chemical that binds to the cannabinoid receptors? What is an agonist to this molecule? What does that mean?
Anandamide, THC, can also bind to cannabinoid receptors
