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Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

The prices of quiring new and relatively permanent information or behaviours

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2
Q

What are the three types of learning?

A

Nonassociative; associative; and observational

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3
Q

What is nonassociative learning?

A

A change in response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus

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4
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

A

Habituation and sensitisation

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6
Q

What is habituation?

A

A process in which the magnitude of response to a specific stimulus decreases with repeated exposure to the stimulus

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7
Q

What for key properties characterise habituation?

A

1) frequency of stimulus presentation
2) strength of stimulus
3) dishabituation
4) habituation of dishabituation

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8
Q

What properties of habituation define the magnitude of response?

A

Frequency and strength

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9
Q

What is dishabituation?

A

Following habituation, a single presentation of a different stimulus restores the response to the original stimulus

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10
Q

What is habituation of dishabituation?

A

The more the response to return the response of the original stimulus, the less effect the new stimulus presents

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11
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

A physiological phenomenon that occurs when an animal can no longer detect a repeated stimulus

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12
Q

What is fatigue?

A

It reveals a progressive decrease in response due to incapacitated muscles

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13
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

The process in which the magnitude of response to a stimulus increases with repeated exposure to that stimulus

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14
Q

What is the dual process theory of habituation and sensitisation?

A

It states that both neural processes occur at the same time and the resulting behavioural responses is a net effect of the two processes

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15
Q

What system does habituation stimulate? When is this system activated?

A

S-R system; is stimulated every time a stimulus elicits a response

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16
Q

What system does sensitisation stimulate? When is this system activated?

A

State system; only activated with particularly arousing events

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17
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Learn that one event occurs with another

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18
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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19
Q

What is conditioning?

A

The process in which a particular behaviour becomes dependent upon the presence of a stimulus

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20
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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21
Q

What are three types of stimuli?

A

Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned

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22
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus then usually produces no specific response other than focusing attention

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23
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

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24
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that was previously neutral, but after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus it eventually elicits a conditioned response

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25
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

A response that is unlearned and occurs naturally with presentation of an unconditioned stimulus

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26
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A learned response to previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus

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27
Q

When does classical conditioning occur?

A

Occurs when a condition stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimuli us, causing an association to form between the two

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28
Q

Who started classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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29
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The initial learning of the stimulus response relationship

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30
Q

In what order are the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus presented in forward conditioning?

A

The condition stimulus precedes the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus

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31
Q

In what order are the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimuli us presented in simultaneous conditioning?

A

The condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented and terminated simultaneously

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32
Q

What is another name for higher-order conditioning?

A

Second order conditioning

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33
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

And existing condition stimulus is paired with the neutral stimulus creating a second and often weaker condition stimulus

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34
Q

When are the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus presented in backward conditioning?

A

The unconditioned stimulus is presented before the condition stimulus

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35
Q

What happens in trace conditioning?

A

The condition stimulus is presented and then the unconditioned stimulus is presented; there is no overlap

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36
Q

What happens in delay conditioning?

A

The conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus and continues throughout the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus

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37
Q

What are the two types of forward conditioning?

A

Trace conditioning and delay conditioning

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38
Q

What is extinction in relation to classical conditioning?

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response due to repeated exposure of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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39
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of a weekend conditioned response after a rest period

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40
Q

When the stimulus generalisation occur?

A

It occurs when a conditioned response to a specific stimulus transfer to the other stimuli to the conditioned stimulus

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41
Q

What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

The learned ability to distinguish between a condition stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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42
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning that occurs by associating in action with the consequence

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43
Q

What is another term for operant conditioning?

A

Instrumental conditioning

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44
Q

What are two names for behaviour that is a result of operant conditioning?

A

Instrumental behaviour or goal directed behaviour

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45
Q

What does the Law of Effect contend?

A

Favourable consequences strengthen behaviour and unfavourable consequences weaken behaviour

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46
Q

What is the procedure by which operant conditioning behaviour is learned?

A

Shaping

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47
Q

What does shaping look like in operant conditioning?

A

Reinforcement of successive approximations toward a desired response

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48
Q

What is instinctive behaviour in operant conditioning?

A

Species specific unlearned behaviour that is often a response to particular environmental stimuli

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49
Q

What is extinction within operant conditioning?

A

The reduction of an instrumental behaviour when it is no longer reinforced

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50
Q

In operant conditioning what does a discriminative stimulus project?

A

The presence of reinforcement

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51
Q

In operant conditioning what does a extinction stimulus project?

A

The absence of reinforcement

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52
Q

What is acquisition in classical conditioning?

A

The period of time where the condition stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response

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53
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response through repeated exposure of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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54
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A

Reappearance of a weekend conditioned response after a rest period

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55
Q

What is generalisation in classical conditioning?

A

The tendency to respond to other stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

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56
Q

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

The learned ability to distinguish between a condition stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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57
Q

What is acquisition in operant conditioning?

A

The period in time where behaviour becomes associated with a consequence

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58
Q

What is extinction in operant conditioning?

A

Reduction of an instrumental behaviour when it is no longer reinforced

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59
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?

A

Reappearance of a goal directed behaviour after a rest period

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60
Q

What is generalisation in operant conditioning?

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the reward paired stimuli

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61
Q

What is discrimination in operant conditioning?

A

The learned ability to distinguish between responses that are reinforced and responses that are not reinforced

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62
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Any event that strengthens or increases the behaviour it follows

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63
Q

What are the four types of reinforcement?

A

Positive, negative, primary, and conditional

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64
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable event or outcome after the response

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65
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement strengthens our response by removing or reducing an unfavourable event or outcome

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66
Q

How does negative reinforcement differ from punishment?

A

Negative reinforcement increases a response by ending an aversive event

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67
Q

What is primary reinforcement?

A

It strengthens our response by presenting in unlearned reinforcing stimulus of innate biological values (food)

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68
Q

What is conditioned reinforcement? What is another term for this?

A

Secondary reinforcement; it strengthens our response by presenting a learned stimulus that game is reinforcing power to repairing with the primary reinforcer (grades and money)

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69
Q

What are two types of behaviours that describe negative reinforcement?

A

Escape and avoidance

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70
Q

What is escape in negative reinforcement?

A

Behavioural response that terminates and unpleasant stimulus that is already present

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71
Q

What is avoidance in negative reinforcement?

A

Behaviour that prevents an unpleasant stimulus

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72
Q

In operant conditioning what is a reinforcement schedule?

A

A pattern of the timing and reliability of the presentation

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73
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?

A

Continuous and partial (intermittent)

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74
Q

When is the response reinforced with continuous reinforcement?

A

A response is reinforced every time it occurs

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75
Q

When is the response reinforced with partial reinforcement?

A

A response is only sometimes reinforced

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76
Q

What are the four schedules of partial reinforcement

A

Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval

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77
Q

What are fixed ratio schedules?

A

A set number of responses is required for a reward

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78
Q

Where are variable ratio schedules?

A

A random number of responses required to earn a reward

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79
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

A set amount of time required before a response is rewarded

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80
Q

What is a variable interval schedule?

A

A very able or random amount of time is required before a response is rewarded

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81
Q

In operant conditioning what is punishment?

A

Any event that weekends or decreases the behaviour it follows

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82
Q

What are the two types of punishments?

A

Positive and negative punishments

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83
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Weakens a response after presenting an aversive stimulus after the response

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84
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

It weakens a response by removing a desirable stimulus following the response

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85
Q

What is expectancy in classical conditioning?

A

A belief that something will happen

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86
Q

What is a surprise in classical conditioning?

A

A discrepancy between what you expect and what you get

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87
Q

What is the incentive in operant conditioning?

A

The value of award, or the expectation in anticipation of its pleasure

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88
Q

What do operant conditionists use to control the environment?

A

Produce deliver actions

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89
Q

What do you behaviourists attribute changes in instrumental behaviour to?

A

Various consequences

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90
Q

What do cognitive theorists attribute learning to?

A

The incentive of a reward rather than the reward itself

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91
Q

How do behaviourists and cognitive theorists argue that learning relates to a reward?

A

Behaviourists argue that the presence of a reward was sufficient for learning
Cognitive theorists believe that a mental representation of the reward might also play a role

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92
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that is not shown in performance until rewards are given for performance

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93
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

A mental representation of an animals environment environment

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94
Q

What is biological predisposition?

A

The increased chance of developing a pattern of behaviour based on a genetic make up

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95
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive, species typical behaviours that interfere with the conditioned response

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96
Q

What is another name for autoshaping? What does this term mean?

A

Sign tracking; and instinctive response to certain stimuli that has not been reinforced by reward or punishment

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97
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Type of learning by watching and imitating others

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98
Q

What is modelling?

A

The process of observing and learning specific behaviour

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99
Q

Observational learning is a form of what type of learning?

A

Social learning

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100
Q

What is social learning?

A

Learning that introduces the influential effects of a model

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101
Q

What is the model in social learning?

A

Someone of authority whose own behaviour changes the behaviour of another

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102
Q

Who performed the bobo doll experiment? What did this experiment demonstrate?

A

Albert Bandura; demonstrated that violence and aggressive actions by adults are learned and later performed by children

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103
Q

Who is the father of operant conditioning

A

B. F. Skinner

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104
Q

What was the BF Skinner’s main experiment?

A

Skinner Box; A box that contained a lever, speaker, light, a food dispenser, and advice that recorded responses. This design allowed Skinner to observe and animals control over its responses based upon their associated consequences

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105
Q

What main principle of operant conditioning did BF Skinner discover?

A

Reinforcement

106
Q

What concept of cognitive factors influence did Albert Bandura introduce?

A

Cognitive factors influence observational learning through vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment

107
Q

What is mirror neuron?

A

A type of neurons that fires both when the animal performs a specific behaviour and when an animal observes another performing that specific behaviour

108
Q

What does the theory of mind refer to?

A

One’s ability to infer another person’s mental state and explain and predict their behaviour

109
Q

What is empathy?

A

The capacity to share or recognise another persons beliefs, desires, and emotions

110
Q

What disorder is dysfunction of the mirror neuron system play a role in?

A

Autism

111
Q

What is autism?

A

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impaired social interaction

112
Q

What can the antisocial effects of observational learning do?

A

Increase undesirable maladaptive behaviours as well as decrease desirable behaviours

113
Q

What are antisocial effects?

A

Negative effects

114
Q

What are prosocial effects?

A

Positive effects

115
Q

What can the prosocial effects of observational learning do?

A

Decrease undesirable and maladaptive behaviours as well as increased desirable behaviours

116
Q

What are two ways the brain changes in response to experience?

A

Memory and learning

117
Q

What is memory?

A

The persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

118
Q

What are the three possible stages the process of memory refers to?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

119
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process of transferring information into usable construct that can be stored within the brain

120
Q

Which area of the brain sorts sensory information to determine if it eventually becomes a stored memory?

A

Hippocampus

121
Q

What is the first step of creating a new memory?

A

Attention to sensory input which then becomes included with in the various sensory areas of the cortex. These are combined into a single construct in the hippocampus

122
Q

What types of changes occur in the brain during encoding?

A

Chemical and electrical changes

123
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of neuronal synapses to strengthen or weaken in response to increases or decreases in their activity

124
Q

What is the term for sensory information transformed into usable construct become?

A

Engram

125
Q

What is the process of creating an engram?

A

1) sensory information. -> 2) biochemical changes in the brain. -> 3) engram

126
Q

What are the four types of encoding?

A

Visual, acoustic, tactile and semantic

127
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

Process of transforming visual sensory information

128
Q

Sensory inputs such as colour, shape, or size that is perceived is temporarily stored within?

A

The iconic memory

129
Q

What is acoustic encoding?

A

The process of transforming auditory sensory information

130
Q

Auditory input that his words, melodies, and noises or temporarily stored within what?

A

Echoic memory

131
Q

What is tactile encoding?

A

The process of encoding the sense of touch

132
Q

Sensory inputs such as vibration, texture, and pressure or temporarily encoded within?

A

Haptic memory

133
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Encoding of meaningful or contextual sensory information; generally easier to recall because it is been associated with something that already has meaning

134
Q

What two types of processing describe how well information is encoded?

A

Shallow processing and deep processing

135
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

Encoding on a rudimentary level based on sensory features

136
Q

What is deep processing?

A

Something that encode semantically based on meaning and relationships

137
Q

What are the two ways the process of encoding can happen?

A

Automatically (without conscious effort) or effortfully (processing that requires attention and conscious awareness for encoding to occur)

138
Q

What is chunking?

A

A processing strategy that organises information into familiar, manageable units enabling better retrieval

139
Q

What is a mnemonic?

A

A memory aid that translates information into a more retainable form through organisation

140
Q

What type of mnemonic aids especially in the memorisation of lists by taking the first letter of each word with the list to create a memorable phrase?

A

Acronyms

141
Q

What learning strategy aids in memory formation by distributing study or practice over time for a better encoding?

A

Distributed practice

142
Q

What is another name for distributed practice?

A

Spacing effect

143
Q

In memory, what is storage?

A

The process of retaining information

144
Q

What is the earliest stage of memory that record sensory information?

A

Sensory memory

145
Q

What are the three types of sensory memory?

A

Iconic, echoic, haptic

146
Q

How long is sensory memory stored?

A

A few seconds

147
Q

How long does short-term memory last?

A

Seconds and minutes

148
Q

Information from sensory memory they get prices into short-term memory is considered our?

A

Active memory store

149
Q

What does are active memory store?

A

It holds the information we are currently thinking about, our conscious thoughts and perceptions at any given moment

150
Q

What is the capacity of the short-term memory?

A

7+/-2

151
Q

Is working memory the same as short-term memory?

A

No, working memory is the support system for short term memory

152
Q

What working memory?

A

The STM’s underline support system that processes, manipulates, and stores current information

153
Q

Are working memory and short-term memory static or dynamic?

A

Working memory is dynamic; short-term memory is static

154
Q

What are the four components of working memory?

A

1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketch pad
3) episodic buffer
4) central executive

155
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

The subsystem of working memory dedicated to the temporary storage of auditory information

156
Q

What is the visuospatial sketch pad?

A

The subsystem of working memory dedicated to the temporary storage of visual information

157
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

The portion of working memory that serves to integrate representations for the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad in an ordered, timely, and coherent sequence

158
Q

What is the central executive responsible for in working memory?

A

Controlling and coordinating the activities of the other three memory systems, ensuring that attention and resources are allocated properly

159
Q

What is rehearsal in memory?

A

The mental techniques that strengthen the retention of memories

160
Q

What are the two types of rehearsal?

A

Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal

161
Q

What happens in maintenance rehearsal?

A

The target piece of information is continuously repeated

162
Q

Which type of rehearsal results in long-term storage?

A

Elaborative rehearsal

163
Q

What type of rehearsal only allows for short-term memory?

A

Maintenance rehearsal

164
Q

What happens in elaborative rehearsal?

A

The meaning of the target piece of information is considered and further associated with previously stored information

165
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

LTM store is a relatively limitless amount of information for a relatively indefinite amount of time

166
Q

What is consolidation in LTM?

A

The process of stabilising memory

167
Q

More attention that is given to a memory trace in short-term memory, how will this affect the strength of an engram with long-term memory?

A

The greater the strength

168
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process of stabilising a memory

169
Q

What is Long-term potentiation?

A

The increasing strength of the synapse due to the repeated firing of its neurons

170
Q

What does long-term potentiation enable?

A

Learning

171
Q

With new experiences and information, these neuronal connections grow and expand to create what?

A

Neural networks– thousands of different connections

172
Q

What is the process of recalling previously stored information and consolidating it again in order to maintain, strengthen, or modify a memory?

A

Reconsolidation

173
Q

What does reconsolidation allow a memory to become? What does this mean?

A

Labile–ready and open to change

174
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of accessing stored memories

175
Q

What is a node in memory?

A

One single memory

176
Q

How do you bring back a long term memory into our working memory?

A

Weaving together many nodes to create a neural network

177
Q

If one node reaches the threshold level of activation, the node will fire and spread what to other nodes in all directions?

A

Spreading activation

178
Q

Multiple sub threshold levels of activation of a node can also cause the node to do what to cause the node to fire?

A

Summate

179
Q

What are informative environmental prompts that facilitate memory retrieval?

A

Retrieval cues

180
Q

What is context dependent memory?

A

The idea that external cues can ease one’s ability to remember something

181
Q

What is the term for internal emotions influencing the facilitation of memory retrieval?

A

State dependent

182
Q

What is the tendency to remember the first and last items in the list best?

A

The serial position effect

183
Q

When given a list and you are able to most easily remember The first few terms is called

A

The primary effect

184
Q

When given a list of the ease of ability to remember the last few terms is considered?

A

Recency effect

185
Q

Is it easier to retrieve information from a short term storage or long-term storage?

A

Short-term storage

186
Q

What are three types of memory retrieval?

A

Recall, recognition, and relearning

187
Q

What is recall?

A

Remembering information that was previously learned but is currently not physically present

188
Q

What is recognition?

A

Identifying information that was previously learned, after being cued

189
Q

What is the feeling that you know a stimulus, but either cannot place memory or identify last time it was encountered?

A

Familiarity

190
Q

What is relearning?

A

The increased rate of learning information that has previously been learned

191
Q

What is the failure to remember significant information?

A

Forgetting

192
Q

What are the six main ways we forget something?

A

1) ineffective coding
2) decay theory
3) interference theory
4) cue dependent forgetting
5) motivated forgetting
6) organic causes

193
Q

What is Information from working/short-term memory they asked to enter a long-term storage?

A

Ineffective coding

194
Q

What does the decay theory memory loss to a function of?

A

Time

195
Q

What curve did Hermann Ebbinghaus create? What did this curve explain?

A

Forgetting curve; explain the ability to retain information as a function of time

196
Q

What theory suggests forgetting occurs due to memory disruptions from both previously learned information and newly presented information?

A

Interference theory

197
Q

What are the two forms of interference that can occur?

A

Proactive and retroactive

198
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Old memories disrupt the retrieval of newer memories

199
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New memories disrupt the retrieval of older memories

200
Q

What is another term for cue dependent forgetting?

A

Context dependent forgetting

201
Q

What is cue dependent forgetting?

A

The idea that target information is present in long-term memory, but is currently and temporarily in accessible

202
Q

What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

A

When someone cannot recall something but feel retrieval is imminent

203
Q

What is another term for motivated forgetting?

A

Repression

204
Q

What is a defence mechanism the mind employs to forget unpleasant memories?

A

Motivated forgetting or repression

205
Q

Any deficit in memory due to trauma, no logical disease, and ageing is called?

A

Amnesia

206
Q

What are the two types of amnesia ?

A

Anterograde and retrograde

207
Q

People suffering from anterograde amnesia have an inability to do what?

A

Form new long-term memories

208
Q

What do people suffering from retrograde amnesia have any ability to do?

A

Retrieve old memories prior to a particular date

209
Q

Physical trauma causes what type of damage to the brain? Neurological diseases and ageing have what kind of a deteriorating effect ?

A

Immediate; progressively

210
Q

Different memory functions can be attributed to what regions of the brain?

A

Different

211
Q

Where are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Explicit memory and implicit memory

212
Q

What is another word for explicit memory?

A

Declarative memory

213
Q

Define explicit memory

A

Information you know and can tell

214
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic and semantic memory

215
Q

What type of memory describes specific events or experiences?

A

Episodic

216
Q

What type of memory describes memory for general knowledge and facts?

A

Semantic memory

217
Q

What are the two main structures of the brain involved in processing explicit memories?

A

Frontal lobes and hippocampus

218
Q

When a person retrieves explicit memories, the brain sends a collection of information where? To be processed by working memory

A

Frontal lobes

219
Q

Patients who suffer from large prefrontal cortex lesions have deficits in what type of memory?

A

Working memory

220
Q

What structure serves as a temporary holding zone for new explicit memories, giving them just long enough to be moved to long-term storage or forgotten?

A

Hippocampus

221
Q

Is the hippocampus a temporary or permanent place of memory storage?

A

Temporary

222
Q

If they have a campus is removed what type of amnesia does a person develop?

A

Anterograde amnesia

223
Q

What is another term for implicit memory?

A

Non-declarative memory

224
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Information you know and can show

225
Q

What type of memory is thought of as memory without awareness and is both unconscious and unintentional?

A

Implicit memory

226
Q

What are the three types of implicit memory?

A

Priming, procedural, and classical conditioning

227
Q

What is priming in implicit memory?

A

A persons future behaviour is influenced by previous unconscious preparation

228
Q

In priming, describe the word stem completion task?

A

Participants are given a long list of words to read. There are then presented with a three letter words dam and subsequently asked to complete the word. Participants were more likely to complete the word stem with words they had previously read in the list then any other word.

229
Q

What are three types of implicit memory?

A

Priming, procedural, and classical conditioning

230
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

It allows us to perform daily tasks, especially motor skills, without thought

231
Q

How does implicit memory influence behaviour in classical conditioning?

A

Implicit memories influence behaviour based on previously learned associations

232
Q

What are the two main structures involved in processing implicit memories?

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

233
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

It is responsible for both the formation of new implicit memories and the storage of implicit memories created by classical conditioning

234
Q

Patients who suffer from damage to the cerebellum are unable to learn what type of associations?

A

Conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus associations

235
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for in implicit memory?

A

Responsible for the formation and retrieval of procedural memories

236
Q

What role does the amygdala play in the formation of memories?

A

Hormones recruit the amygdala to strengthen emotionally significant memories stored elsewhere; emotionally charged memories are stronger

237
Q

What is the term for a clear, that account and emotionally significant experience?

A

Flashbulb memory

238
Q

What is the term for questions that suggest a particular answer?

A

Leading questions

239
Q

What is the term that the idea of that misleading information presented after event can alter one’s memory of the actual event?

A

Misinformation effect

240
Q

The system in the brain responsible for sifting through the different features of a memory to Determine its context is?

A

Source monitoring

241
Q

What is it false memory?

A

The remembering of events that never occurred or remembering events quite differently than how they occurred

242
Q

What is the inability to remember the source of previously learned information?

A

Source amnesia

243
Q

What is déjà vu?

A

A strong sense that the current experience has happened before

244
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for encoding and retrieval? How does this processing change with age?

A

Hippocampus ; physiological changes in the brain is slow memory related processes, further increasing errors

245
Q

What does the term when memory loss begins to interfere severely with a person’s daily functioning?

A

Dementia

246
Q

What occurs in people that are suffering from dementia?

A

A decline in memory, social abilities, difficulties with communication, and personality changes they make everyday activities a challenge

247
Q

Is dementia a specific brain disease or a symptom of other diseases?

A

A symptom of other diseases

248
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

A major cause of dementia, characterised by general atrophy of the brain

249
Q

What is the formation of Alzheimer’s disease attributed to?

A

1) formation of amyloid plaques

2) neurofribrillary tangles

250
Q

What are amyloid plaques?

A

Deposit of protein fragments that build up around neurons

251
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

Fibers of tau protein that build up inside neurons

252
Q

What does the progression of Alzheimer’s disease correlate with?

A

Increase development of plaques and tangles with in regions of the brain responsible for memory

253
Q

How do Alzheimer’s disease symptoms begin? How do these symptoms progress?

A

Begin as age related memory dysfunction; progresses over time and dementia develops so memory for basic functions (eating, communication) deteriorates

254
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

A

A brain disease characterised by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency

255
Q

What behaviour is Korsakoff’s syndrome often associated with?

A

Alcohol abuse

256
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Memory and emotion

257
Q

What do deficiencies in thiamine cause?

A

Affect the limbic system (memory and emotion) and cause general neuronal loss throughout the brain.

258
Q

What are symptoms of Korsakoff’s disease?

A

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, and apathy

259
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Invented memories to compensate for memory gaps

260
Q

With Korsakoff’s disease, what happens to explicit and implicit memories?

A

Explicit memory loss occurs well implicit memory loss remains largely intact

Psychology (8 decks)

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