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Personality And Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

What truly defines our individuality?

A

Personality

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2
Q

What encompasses one’s characteristic patterns of feelings, thoughts, motivations and behaviours that make him or her unique?

A

Personality

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3
Q

Does personality change through life?

A

Remains fairly consistent

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4
Q

What does personality do to one’s actions?

A

Guides their choices

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5
Q

What are the six major theories of personality’s effect on behaviour?

A

1) humanistic
2) psychoanalytic
3) trait
4) social cognitive
5) behaviourist
6) biological

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6
Q

Who influenced the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

What does the psychoanalytic theory of personality emphasise?

A

Emphasises the dynamic interaction between the conscious and the unconscious mind on the development of personality and the discourse of behaviour

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8
Q

Where did Freud believe that human personality arose from?

A

Conflict

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9
Q

What is conflict according to Freud?

A

The struggle between our pleasure seeking, aggressive, biological impulses and our internalised social restraints

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10
Q

What components did Freud organise the components of conflict into?

A

The id, ego, and superego

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11
Q

What is the id?

A

Unorganised and operates entirely unconsciously, constantly seeking to relieve tension associated with hunger, sex, aggression, and other primal urges

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12
Q

According to what function does the id operate under?

A

Pleasure principle

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13
Q

What is the pleasure principle?

A

It seeks immediate gratification regardless of external factors or consequences

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14
Q

What is the ego?

A

It operates both unconsciously and consciously to compromise realistically with the ID and the outside world

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15
Q

According to what principle does the ego work under?

A

Reality principle

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16
Q

What is the reality principle?

A

Delaying immediate gratification in order to way its costs and benefits appropriately

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17
Q

Is the superego conscious or unconscious?

A

Unconscious

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18
Q

Does the ID operate consciously or unconsciously?

A

Unconscious

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19
Q

Does the ego operate consciously or unconsciously

A

Both

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20
Q

What does the superego do?

A

Develops a sense of conscience (moral compass) that forces the id’s desires to be met not only realistically, but also morally

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21
Q

What does the superego do to actions?

A

Judges them

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22
Q

What types of feelings is the superego responsible for?

A

Positive and negative

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23
Q

Oftentimes the id’s impulsive demands oppose the superegos restraining demands, what does this cause the ego to act as?

A

Executive mediator

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24
Q

What image is used to illustrate the interaction between the id, ego and superego?

A

Iceberg

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25
Q

Freud argued that the id, ego, and superego are continually in ____ with one another.

A

Conflict

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26
Q

If The conflict between the id, ego, and superego is not made effectively by the ego, what does this generate?

A

Anxiety

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27
Q

Freud postulated that when the ego feels it’s self succumbing to the internal struggle, the ego protects itself via?

A

Defense mechanism

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28
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Tactics that redirect or reduce conflict and anxiety by distorting reality

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29
Q

Do defense mechanisms operate on the conscious or unconscious?

A

Unconscious

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30
Q

What is it called when a repressed impulse comes to the surface?

A

Freudian slip

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31
Q

What is repression?

A

Pushing unacceptable and anxiety inducing thoughts or impulses into the unconscious

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32
Q

Is repression done consciously or unconsciously?

A

Unconsciously

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33
Q

What is regression?

A

Returning to an earlier stage of development when faced with unacceptable impulses or realities

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34
Q

What are the eight defense mechanism?

A

Repression, regression, reaction formation, rationalisation, denial, displacement, projection, sublimation

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35
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Replacing anxiety inducing impulses with their opposites

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36
Q

What is rationalisation?

A

Supplying false, yet believable explanations to justify inappropriate behaviours or realities

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37
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusing to believe or acknowledge that an anxiety provoking reality exists

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38
Q

What is displacement?

A

Redirecting impulses to be less threatening or more acceptable target

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39
Q

What is projection?

A

Disguising one’s own unacceptable impulses or feelings by attributing them to others

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40
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Substituting unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviours

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41
Q

What stages did Freud propose that personality developed through?

A

Psychosexual stages

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42
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

Stages in which the pleasure seeking impulses of the id become focused onto pleasure sensitive body parts

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43
Q

What are pleasure sensitive areas of the body?

A

Erogenous zones

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44
Q

What is libido?

A

The psychosexual sexual energy that drives impulses and behaviours

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45
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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46
Q

According to the psychosexual stages, when does a normal personality result?

A

Results if psychosexual stages are completed successfully

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47
Q

If any conflict remains unresolved during a particular psychosexual stage, what can occur?

A

Fixation

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48
Q

What is fixation ?

A

The persistent focus of libido to the stage that is unresolved

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49
Q

How long is the oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

From birth to around 18 months

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50
Q

What is the oral stage of psychosexual stages characterised by?

A

A time where the infants primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth

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51
Q

What behaviours is the infant focused on during the oral stage of the psychosexual stages?

A

Sucking and rooting (finding the nipple)

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52
Q

What is the major problem of the oral stage? What does too little or too much of this result in?

A

Weaning; too much or too little oral gratification from weaning at an improper time can result in oral fixation

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53
Q

What types of behaviours are oral fixations suggested to predict?

A

Eating, drinking, smoking, or nail biting

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54
Q

During what age does the anal phase occur of the psychosexual stages of personality occur?

A

18 and 36 months of age

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55
Q

What is the anal stage of the psychosexual stages of personality?

A

The time where the libidos primary focus is pleasure associated with bowel and bladder elimination

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56
Q

What is the major conflict during the anal stage of the psychosexual stages of personality?

A

Toilet training

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57
Q

What does successful completion of toilet training in the anal stage of the psychosexual stages of personality lead to?

A

Develops control and independence

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58
Q

What traits are developed from successful completion of toilet training?

A

Creativity, competence, and productivity

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59
Q

In the anal stage of the psychosexual stages of personality, Freud contends that too lenient societal pressure from parents can lead to what type of personality?

A

Anal expulsive personality–the person is disorganised and destructive

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60
Q

In the anal stage of the psychosexual stages of personality, Freud contends that too stringent societal pressure from parents can lead to what type of personality?

A

Anal retentive personality–the individual is obsessive and controlling

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61
Q

During what ages does the phallic stage last?

A

Ages 3 to 6

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62
Q

What shift is the phallic stage characterised by?

A

A libidinal shift in focus to the genitals

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63
Q

During which of the psychosexual stages of personality does the Oedipus complex develop?

A

Phallic stage

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64
Q

During which of the psychosexual stages of personality does the Electra complex develop?

A

Phallic stage

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65
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

Boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers while simultaneously developing jealousy and hatred for their fathers

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66
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

Girls develop unconscious sexual desires for their fathers while simultaneously developing jealousy and hatred for their mothers

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67
Q

What does the child do with the desires of developing the Electra or Oedipus complex? What do they replace this with?

A

Represses the threatening feelings while identifying with the same sex parent as part of the coping strategy

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68
Q

What is the phallic stage crucial in developing?

A

Gender identity

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69
Q

What is gender identity?

A

The sense of being male or female

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70
Q

What might a phallic fixation result in?

A

Overindulgence or avoidance of sex as well as weak or confused gender identity

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71
Q

During what years is the latency phase?

A

From age 6 to puberty

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72
Q

What is the latent stage characterised by?

A

A period of ego and super ego development as well as libido suppression

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73
Q

During what stage of the psychosexual stages of personality do individuals Focus on hobbies and interests while their sexual feelings typically lie dormant?

A

Latency stage

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74
Q

During what years is the genital stage?

A

From puberty onward

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75
Q

What is the genital stage of the psychosexual stages of personality characterized by?

A

Maturation and intensification of sexual interests, generally aimed at members of the opposite sex

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76
Q

What is the primary libidinal focus during the final psychosexual stage?

A

The genitals

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77
Q

Which psychoanalytic stage is the most widely known and controversial?

A

Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality

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78
Q

What types of theories focus on the different ways normal, healthy people utilise free will to develop personality and strive for self realisation and self-determination?

A

Humanistic theories

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79
Q

What two American psychologists are responsible for humanistic theories?

A

Carl rogers and Abraham Maslow

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80
Q

What do humanistic theories focus on?

A

One’s ability to think consciously and rationally while acting with self control

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81
Q

According to Maslow, what governs our motivations?

A

Hierarchy of needs

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82
Q

What is our greatest need according to Maslow?

A

Self actualisation

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83
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

Fulfilling our potential and finding purpose

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84
Q

According to carl rogers, what three environmental conditions are required to promote one’s growth successfully?

A

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

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85
Q

What does genuineness allow for one to do?

A

Be transparent with his or her feelings

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86
Q

What does acceptance do?

A

Fosters and attitude unconditional positivity that teaches self-worth despite individual shortcomings

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87
Q

What is empathy allow people to do?

A

Share and understand each other feelings

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88
Q

What did Carl Rogers believe that a fundamental aspect of personality is?

A

Self concept

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89
Q

What is self concept?

A

All the feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions that a person has about himself or herself

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90
Q

Does one’s self concept generally match or not match reality?

A

Does not match reality which affects personality

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91
Q

What is congruence in self concept?

A

A fairly accurate fit between one’s self concept in reality

92
Q

What does congruence in self concept result in?

A

Results in a positive self-concept and a satisfied personality with positive perceptions and intentions

93
Q

When does incongruence in self concept occur?

A

Occurs when self concept differs from reality

94
Q

What does incongruence result in?

A

Negative self concept and anxiety

95
Q

What types of personalities are associated with negative self concept?

A

Insecure, dissatisfied, and unhappy

96
Q

Are psychoanalytic theories mostly positive or negative?

A

Negative

97
Q

Are humanistic theories mostly positive or negative?

A

Positive

98
Q

Are trait theories mostly positive or negative?

A

Neither, are generally neutral

99
Q

What do you treat theories describe personality in terms of?

A

Traits

100
Q

What are traits?

A

Relatively stable characteristics that predictably guide behaviour

101
Q

What are the four main trait theories?

A

1) Allport’s trait theory
2) cattell’s 16 personality factor questionnaire
3) eyesenck’s 3 dimensions of personality
4) the big five factor theory

102
Q

What is Allport’s trait theory?

A

Allport took 4500 personality describing words and classified them into three levels of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits

103
Q

What are the three levels of traits in Allport’s theory?

A

Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits

104
Q

What are examples of Cardinal traits?

A

Altruism and ambition

105
Q

What do cardinal traits do?

A

Dominate an individual’s life and shape his or her behaviour

106
Q

When do you cardinal traits develop in life and shape his or her behaviour?

A

Later in life

107
Q

What traits from Allport’s trait theory characterise the most evident and persistent traits in personality?

A

Cardinal traits

108
Q

What are examples of central traits?

A

Honesty and kindness

109
Q

Which are more dominant, Cardinal traits or central traits?

A

Cardinal traits

110
Q

What are the general characteristics found in varying degrees from person to person?

A

Central traits

111
Q

What type of traits are the basic foundation of personality?

A

Central traits

112
Q

What are examples of secondary traits?

A

Stage fright and love of the outdoors

113
Q

What traits only present themselves under specific circumstances?

A

Secondary traits

114
Q

What type of traits refer to the detailed, less obvious aspects of one’s personality?

A

Secondary traits

115
Q

How did Cattell’s 16 personality factor questionnaire build on Allport’s trait theory?

A

Cattell Took Allport’s comprehensive list of 4500 traits and narrowed it down to 16 Key personality traits

116
Q

In what two ways did cattell narrow down 4500 traits into 16 traits?

A

Eliminated uncommon traits and used factor analysis

117
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items and combines them

118
Q

What did Eysenck’s 3 dimensions of personality theory focus on what three universal traits?

A

Extroversion – introversion, emotional stability – instability (neuroticism), and psychoticism

119
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Describes ones tendency to focus more attention on other people and the environment

120
Q

What is introversion?

A

Describes ones tendency to focus on inner experiences

121
Q

What is emotional stability?

A

Once tendency to maintain constant emotion or mood

122
Q

What is emotional instability?

A

Where one tends to become easily upset or emotional

123
Q

What is another name for emotional instability?

A

Neuroticism

124
Q

What is psychoticism?

A

Refers to an individuals difficulty in dealing with reality

125
Q

What type of person might be considered manipulative, antisocial, nonempathetic, or hostile?

A

Psychotic

126
Q

Of Eysenck’s three universal traits, which two have varying degrees of the trait and which are either present or absent?

A

People naturally have varying degrees of extraversion – introversion and emotional stability – instability but not varying levels of psychoticism

127
Q

Depending on the combination of one’s extraversion – introversion and emotional stability – instability, his or her personality is characterised as one of what four traits? What do these mean?

A

1) melancholic (unhappy and depressed)
2) choleric (angry and hot tempered)
3) phlegmatic (dull and unemotional)
4) sanguine ( passionate and cheerful)

128
Q

What does the big five factor theory postulate?

A

There are five core traits that interact to produce human personality

129
Q

What are the five traits of the big five factor theory?

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

130
Q

What does OCEAN stand for in the big five factor theory?

A 
The five traits
Openness 
Conscientiousness 
Extraversion
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
131
Q

What is the most excepted and researched theory of personality?

A

Big Five Factor theory

132
Q

What do social cognitive theories of personality emphasise?

A

Emphasise the collaboration between an individual’s traits and his or her current situation

133
Q

What does the social aspect of the social cognitive theory posit?

A

Humans learn many of their behaviours through traditional conditioning or observing and imitating those around them

134
Q

What does the cognitive aspect of the social cognitive theory posit?

A

Posits that our thoughts and perceptions concerning a particular situation affect our behaviour

135
Q

What are reciprocal determinisms?

A

Behaviour is influenced by and influences one’s social environment and cognitive processes

136
Q

Social cognitive theory is emphasise the individuals sense of what control?

A

Personal control

137
Q

What is personal control?

A

Whether the individual believes that he or she controls or is controlled by the environment

138
Q

What is and internal locus of control?

A

People who believe that they control their own fate

139
Q

What is an external locus of control?

A

People who believe that chance or external factors decide their fate

140
Q

Regardless of one’s internal or external perception of control, if one consistently experiences disheartening events in which they have no control, one begins passively to accept defeat in a phenomena called?

A

Learned helplessness

141
Q

What do behaviourist theories of personality explain?

A

Explain personality through learning and suggest that personality results from an individual interacting with his or her environment

142
Q

How do behaviourist theorists Believe that internal thoughts or emotions affect personality?

A

They do not believe that internal thoughts or emotions affect personality

143
Q

Who is considered one of the founders of behaviourism?

A

BF Skinner

144
Q

BF Skinner. Postulated that people have consistent personalities and behavioural patterns because, over time, they develop certain _____.

A

Response tendencies

145
Q

According to the behaviourist theory, behaviour is formed through what type of processes?

A

Learning processes

146
Q

What is a type of learning process in which responses either result in positive or negative consequences that reinforce behaviour?

A

Operant conditioning

147
Q

According to Skinner, personality develops and changes over one’s Life time to maximise behaviour associated with _____ and minimise behaviour associated with _____

A

Rewards; punishments

148
Q

Behaviourist theory is contended that personality is what type of psychological concept? How is it influenced?

A

Dynamic psychological concept; influenced by environment

149
Q

In addition to operate conditioning, what is another way in which individuals and their environment interact to form one another?

A

Classical conditioning

150
Q

What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, causing an association formed between the two?

A

Classical conditioning

151
Q

What type of theories of personality focus primarily on how and why personality develops?

A

Biological theories

152
Q

What are the three main focuses of biological theories of personality development?

A

Evolutionary, genetic, and biological perspectives

153
Q

How does evolution impact the development of personality?

A

Personality is developed in line with natural selection and are adapted and selected for depending on social and environmental influences

154
Q

Studies following children from infancy to adolescence revealed that _______ remain relatively constant over time

A

Temperament

155
Q

What is temperament?

A

Innate, often emotional personality dispositions

156
Q

What do twin studies suggest about personality in identical and fraternal twins raised in the same household?

A

Identical twins were even more similar in some personality traits compared to fraternal twins indicating genes play a role in personality

157
Q

What is found about the brain structures and stimulation among different personalities?

A

Different structures may be larger or smaller based on different personality traits

158
Q

What is the hypothesis of the psychoanalytic personality theory?

A

Personality is the result of fixation at various psychosexual stages and conflict between the conscious and unconscious; defence mechanisms prevent the onset of anxiety

159
Q

What is the hypothesis of the humanistic personality theory?

A

People are inherently good and strive for self realisation

160
Q

What is the hypothesis of the tree personality theory

A

Personality is the combination of relatively stable characteristics called traits

161
Q

What is the hypothesis of the social cognitive theory?

A

Personality results from the interaction of social environment, cognitive processes, and current behaviour

162
Q

What is the hypothesis of the behaviourist theory of personality?

A

Personality results from the interaction between the individual and the environment; cognitive processes excluded

163
Q

What is the hypothesis of the biological theory of personality?

A

The development of personality is largely influenced by biological processes

164
Q

What are learned tendencies to about things with some degree of favour or disfavour?

A

Attitudes

165
Q

What are ideas, objects, people, or events that someone may have a positive or a negative view of?

A

Attitude objects

166
Q

Attitudes can be either…. or …..?

A

Explicit or implicit

167
Q

What are explicit attitudes?

A

Attitudes that influence our beliefs and behaviours on a conscious level of which we are fully aware

168
Q

What are implicit attitudes?

A

Attitude is that influence our beliefs and behaviours on an unconscious level

169
Q

What are the three components simultaneously associated with each attitude?

A

An affective component, A behavioural component, and a cognitive component

170
Q

What is the affective components of attitude?

A

Encompasses one’s emotions and feelings about the attitude object

171
Q

What is the behavioural component of attitude?

A

Encompasses the way in which an attitude affects how one behaves

172
Q

What is a cognitive component of an attitude?

A

Encompasses ones thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object

173
Q

What describes the ratio of positive and negative evaluations that constituted attitude?

A

Attitude ambivalence

174
Q

What are the three main types of learning that influence attitudes?

A

Observational learning, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning

175
Q

How does observational learning affect attitudes?

A

Observing someone such as parents allows us to develop some of the same mannerisms and perspectives

176
Q

How does operant conditioning affect attitude?

A

Receiving positive or negative feedback when you express a certain attitude typically affects your perception of their attitude causing it to strengthen or weaken

177
Q

How does classical conditioning influence attitude?

A

In marketing, it attempts to pair a positive attitude with a product

178
Q

In what two ways socially are attitudes influenced?

A

Social roles and social norms

179
Q

What are social roles?

A

The expected patterns of appropriate behaviour for a particular person in a particular situation

180
Q

What are social norms?

A

Describe societies rules for appropriate behaviour

181
Q

What are the two types of social norms?

A

Explicit or implicit

182
Q

Social norms often encompass a related, but not identical, concept of?

A

Subjective norms

183
Q

What are subjective norms?

A

An individual’s opinions of whether to perform or not perform a particular behaviour in a particular situation

184
Q

What is another term for subjective norms?

A

Normative beliefs

185
Q

What are the three main characteristics of a message that influences our evaluation of the message, and in turn, our attitude concerning that message?

A

1) target characteristics
2) message characteristics
3) source characteristics

186
Q

What are target characteristics?

A

Encompass many different features that influence the individuals interest in the message

187
Q

What are examples of target characteristics?

A

intelligence, alertness, self-esteem, mood, and hunger

188
Q

What are message characteristics?

A

The various features of The message itself, ranging from its logic in flow to its length and vocabulary

189
Q

What are source characteristics?

A

Encompass features of who and where is message came from

190
Q

What are examples of traits of source characteristics?

A

The sources expertise, trustworthiness, locational context, and attractiveness

191
Q

What do you source characteristics all contribute to?

A

An individual’s perception of the messages credibility

192
Q

What does the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion describe?

A

Describes how attitudes form and change based on the three characteristics of messages (target, message, source)

193
Q

According to the elaboration likelihood model, in what order are the characteristics of attitude determining message processed?

A

1) target characteristics
2) messages
3) source

194
Q

Which two types of routes does the elaboration likelihood model of processing follow?

A

Peripheral and central routes

195
Q

What is the peripheral route of processing of the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Occurs when the individual has little interest in the subject and a low motivation and/or ability to think systematically about the message

196
Q

When evaluating a message via the peripheral route, are people more likely to rely on superficial cues (source attractiveness or number of arguments) or message content and credibility?

A

Superficial cues

197
Q

Which route in the elaboration likelihood model leads to a shallow processing of message?

A

Peripheral route

198
Q

Which route in the elaboration likelihood model creates an attitude that is either and changed or easily susceptible to further persuasion?

A

Peripheral route

199
Q

What route in the elaboration likelihood model occurs when an individual not only has a high interest in and motivation for the subject, but also cognitive ability to evaluate the message critically?

A

Central route

200
Q

In which of the routes of the elaboration likelihood model is the person evaluating a message more likely to rely on the quality of the information presented?

A

Central route

201
Q

What type of processing and attitude does the central route provide in the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Deep processing and attitude that is strong and long lasting

202
Q

What are the three target characteristics of the central route of the elaboration likelihood model?

A

High interests
High motivation
High ability

203
Q

What are the target characteristics of the peripheral route of the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Low interest
Low motivation
Low ability

204
Q

What do people focus on in the central route of the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Information quality (logic, credibility)

205
Q

What is the main focus of the peripheral routeof the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Superficial cues (Number of points, attractiveness)

206
Q

What is the attitude change of the central route of the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Deep processing and a strong/enduring attitude

207
Q

What is the attitude change of the peripheral route of the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Shallow processing and a weak/temporary attitude

208
Q

What is attitudes strength?

A

The degree to which an attitude is held

209
Q

What do social psychologists believe is a good predictor of behaviour?

A

Attitude strength

210
Q

What type of attitude strength is more likely to affect behaviour?

A

Strong attitude strength

211
Q

What is attitude strength depend on?

A

The individuals interest in, knowledge of, and connection to the attitude object

212
Q

an increased level of interest, knowledge, and personal relevance all contribute towards?

A

Stronger attitudes

213
Q

Social psychologists emphasise the various ______ factors influence the relationship between attitude and behaviour

A

Situational

214
Q

When are people more likely to behave according to their attitudes?

A

Something is gained or lost, the attitude is popular, or they expect to impress someone of interest

215
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action?

A

A theory that posits that an individual’s behaviour is most accurately determined by his or her intention or cognitive readiness to perform the behaviour

216
Q

The intention of the individuals action in the theory of reasoned action is based on what two characteristics related to behaviour?

A

1) individual’s attitude

2) function of the subjective norms related to the behaviour

217
Q

A more favourable attitude and subjective norm creates _______ ______. What does this lead to?

A

Stronger intention; increases the likelihood of performing a particular behaviour

218
Q

What are three behavioural theories that affect attitude?

A

1) Foot – in – the – door phenomenon
2) role playing
3) cognitive dissonance

219
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

A

Describes the tendency for people to be more likely to comply with large, difficult requests, if they have agreed to a smaller or easier request

220
Q

What does role-playing refer to?

A

Refers to the expected actions of people who feel a certain social position

221
Q

Philip Zimbardo created what study to demonstrate how the roles influence peoples attitudes?

A

Prison study

222
Q

What is the main explanation for how behaviours come to affect attitudes?

A

Cognitive dissonance

223
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

The psychological distress we experience by having conflicting thoughts or beliefs at the same time

224
Q

What does the theory of cognitive dissonance posit?

A

Posits that we strive to reduce the tension between conflicting thoughts or beliefs at the same time often by revising our thoughts and attitudes to make them more consistent with one another

225
Q

What theory is especially pertinent for explaining discrepancies between behaviour and attitudes?

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

226
Q

Why do we change attitudes rather than behaviours according to the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

It is much easier to change an attitude then a behaviour that has occurred or is recurring

227
Q

What are the four main strategies that people utilise to eliminate or reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

1) acquire new information, cognitions, or attitudes
2) reduce importance of conflicting cognition or attitude
3) modify or deny conflicting cognition or attitude
4) change in conflicting cognition, attitude, or behaviour

Psychology (8 decks)

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