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Behavioral dynamics > psychological development and principles of psychotherapy > Flashcards

psychological development and principles of psychotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

collective aggregate of conscious and unconscious factors that influence personality, behavior and attitude

A

psychodynamics
Also used to refer to the clinical approach/theory
that sees personality as a result of these factors

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2
Q

method of treating mental and emotional disorders based around revealing and investigating the role of unconscious and conscious psychological processes

A

psychoanalysis

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3
Q

use of verbal methods to influence another person’s mental and emotional state

A

psychotherapy

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4
Q

freudian theory involves 4 things

A
  1. id
  2. ego
  3. superego
  4. ego defense
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5
Q
  • “greedy inner child”
  • primal instincts, basic nature, desires
  • seeks gratification or pleasure no matter the cost
A

Id

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6
Q

why are most id instincts sexual

A

Freud thought sex is so critical to human survival

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7
Q
  • “grown-up self”
  • reason, self-control, compromise
  • balances external constraints, consequences of actions, and desire for gratification
  • May have to make decisions that cause anxiety
A

ego

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8
Q

strategies to reduce anxiety from thoughts, desires
when id impulses clash with superego restrictions

A

ego defense mechanisms

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9
Q

ego defense mechanisms can be either: (2)

A
  1. mature - does not compromise other functioning
  2. primitive - irrational, immature behavior; can be dysfunctional
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10
Q

ego defense mechanism we choose depends on: (3)

A
  1. psychological maturity
  2. developmental hx
  3. intensity of distress or anxiety
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11
Q

retreating to an earlier stage of development

A

regression

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12
Q

behaving as though things are different than they really are
if severe, can border on delusion

A

denial

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13
Q

attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to another person
can be an excuse for one’s own feelings

A

projection

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14
Q

focusing on minor details of a situation rather than addressing the main conflict

A

intellectualization

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15
Q

placing disagreeable or unacceptable thoughts in subconscious mind rather than dealing with them

A

repression

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16
Q

expressing feelings or impulses toward one person or group onto another person, group, or object that is less threatening

A

displacement

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17
Q

reinterpreting an event by cognitively distorting the facts
making excuses or “lying to ourselves”

A

rationalization

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18
Q

disconnecting from stressful situation by pursuing an alternative reality
may be associated with a “fantasy world,” daydreaming, dissociative d/o

A

dissocation

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19
Q

person goes beyond denial; acts opposite to what they think or feel
may occur if a person feels two conflicting emotions

A

reaction formation

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20
Q

11 common ego defense mechanisms

A
  1. regression
  2. denial
  3. projection
  4. intellectualization
  5. repression
  6. displacement
  7. rationalization
  8. dissociation
  9. reaction formation
  10. suppression
  11. sublimation
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21
Q

similar to repression, but thoughts are put into subconscious intentionally and usually are dealt with a future date

A

suppression

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22
Q

channelling unacceptable impulses into socially appropriate activities, allowing one to use the energy in better ways

A

sublimation

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23
Q

what are the 2 common ego defense mechanisms that are considered mature and effective

A
  1. suppression
  2. sublimation
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24
Q

what is ego psychology

A
  • adapted Freudian psychology to reflect a greater range of actions by the ego
  • Therapy focuses on strengthening the ego so that it could better cope with pressures from the id, superego, and outside sources
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25
Q

distinguishes what is happening in one’s own mind from what is going on the outside world

A

reality testing

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26
Q

manages impulses without immediate discharge through behavior or symptoms

A

impulse control

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27
Q

modulating feelings without being overwhelmed

A

affect regulation

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28
Q
  • acting responsibly
  • identifying potential courses of actions, anticipating and evaluating consequences, deciding on course of action
A

judgement

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29
Q

organizing and unifying other functions within the personality

A

synthetic functioning

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30
Q

6 expended range of ego functioning

A
  1. reality testing
  2. impulse control
  3. affect regulation
  4. judgement
  5. synthetic functioning
  6. defense mechanisms
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31
Q

what is object relations psychology

A
  • humans are shaped in relation to the significant others surrounding them
  • Primary motivators are relationships, rather than sexual
    or aggressive impulses
  • Can see object identities for single parts of an object
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32
Q

what is self psychology

A
  • Believe that someone’s “self” is derived from their perception of their identity, personal awareness, and personal experiences, including self-esteem
33
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic theory

A

strengths
- focuses on how past can influence present behavior
- acknowledges the impact of the subconscious
- therapy does seem to help many patients
weaknesses
- ignores biological components
- depends on therapist interpretation
- can focus too much on past
- not scientifically proven

34
Q

3 psychodynamic theories

A
  1. ego theory
  2. object relations theory
  3. self theory
35
Q

4 common psychological perspectives

A

psychodynamic
humanistic
behaviorist
Cognitive-Behavioral

36
Q

Belief that human beings are basically good and will mature into emotionally healthy adults

A

humanistic perspective

37
Q

psychopathology of humanistic perspective

A

failure of caregivers

38
Q

what is client centered therapy

A
  • part of humanistic perspective
  • unconditional positive regard
  • encourages to find own solution
  • goal = self-actualization
39
Q
  • Belief that behavior is determined by the environment
A

behaviorist perspective

40
Q

People are born as a ___ and behaviors that develop are the result of external stimuli

A

“blank slate” or “tabula rasa”

41
Q

new behavior is learned through 2 ways:

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
42
Q

what is the goal of behaviorist perspective

A

alter offensive stimuli or recondition oneself to constructive behaviors

43
Q
  • theory states that thoughts, feelings and behaviors are all connected
  • Difficulty can be addressed by identifying and changing problematic thinking, behavior and emotional responses
A

cognitive theory

44
Q
  • theory that looks at people’s learned behaviors and how the environment has an impact on those behaviors
  • Difficulty can be addressed by modifying our stimuli or our learned responses to stimuli
A

behavioral theory

45
Q

Thoughts triggered by the day’s events that come in many forms - commentaries on actions, memories, circumstance-related thoughts

A

automatic thoughts

46
Q

Distorted assumptions that people hold about the world and themselves without being aware of them

A

irrational assumptions

47
Q

drawing unwarranted conclusions on the basis of little or no evidence

A

arbitrary interference

48
Q

drawing conclusions on the basis of a single piece of data while ignoring contradictory data

A

selective abstraction

49
Q

taking the blame for something that clearly is not one’s fault

A

personalization

50
Q

6 errors in logic of cognitive-behavioral perspective

A
  1. arbitrary interference
  2. selective abstraction
  3. personalization
  4. overgeneralization
  5. magnification
  6. minimization
51
Q

drawing a general conclusion on the basis of a single, sometimes insignificant event

A

overgeneraliation

52
Q

overestimating importance of events

A

magnification

53
Q

underestimating importance of events

A

minimization

54
Q

goal of cognitive-behavioral perspective

A

discover processes through therapeutic relationship with the patient and allow them to become aware of the maladaptive cognition and challenge it

55
Q

Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs where:

A

basic needs must be fulfilled before one can advance to the next level

56
Q

5 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. self-actualization
  2. self-esteem
  3. love and belonging
  4. safety and security
  5. physiological needs
57
Q

A response that occurs naturally in response to one stimulus will eventually occur in response to an unrelated stimulus, if the two stimuli occur together consistently

A

classical conditioning

58
Q

stimulus that produces response without any need for conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus (US)

59
Q

response to unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response (UR)

60
Q

neutral stimulus that later came to elicit the response

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

61
Q

response to conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response (CR)

62
Q

a stronger the unconditioned response (UR) effects the learning how?

A

faster learning occurs

63
Q

Occurs when stimuli that have
not been conditioned produce the same response as the CS because they are physically or functionally similar to the original CS

A

Generalization

64
Q

The process of “unlearning” a conditioned response so that the CS no longer produces the CR

A

Extinction

65
Q

Learning occurs as a result of positive or negative repercussions to our actions.

A

operant conditioning

66
Q

Stimulus increases the probability of the behavior occurring in the future

A

positive reinforcement

67
Q

Removal of already present aversive stimulus increases the probability of the behavior occurring in the future

A

negative reinforcement

68
Q

Application of aversive stimulus after a behavior decreases the behavior

A

punishment

69
Q

Removing a positive reinforcer decreases the behavior

A

response cost

70
Q

Stimuli that signal the availability of reinforcement

A

Discriminative Stimuli

71
Q
  • Occurs when behavior is no longer reinforced
  • Rate depends on history of reinforcement
A

extinction

72
Q

rapid extinction of operant conditioning

A

continuous reinforcement

73
Q

slower extinction of operant conditioning

A

intermittent reinforcement

74
Q

Instrumental behavior to get a stimulus has no usefulness itself but has been associated with a significant stimulus

A

secondary reward conditioning

75
Q

Response to a cue is instrumental in avoiding a painful or otherwise harmful or negative experience

A

Avoidance conditioning

76
Q

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposures to the stimulus

A

habituation

77
Q

if there is more frequent exposures what happens to habituation?

A

more rapid habituation

78
Q

a very strong stimuli effects habituation how?

A

slower habituation

79
Q

A strong aversive stimulus associated with the habituated stimulus can __ or ____the habituation

A

partially or fully reverse

Behavioral dynamics (19 decks)

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