Psychodynamic & Humanistic Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

  1. assumptions
  2. cause of defense mechanisms
  3. primary goal(s) of treatment
A
  1. assumptions:
    * deterministic & pessimistic view of human nature
    * psychological problems due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose in childhood
    * conflict cause anxiety & result from divergent demands of the id, ego, & superego
  2. cause of defense mechanisms: the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using rational means
  3. primary goals of treatment:
    * make the unconscious conscious
    * strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality & less on instinctual cravings & irrational guilt
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2
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the id

instinct

A
  • present at birth
  • the primary source of psychic energy are life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts
  • operates according to the pleasure principle
  • seeks immediate gratification of instinctual needs
  • uses unconscious irrational means to meet instinctual needs
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3
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the ego

A
  • develops at about 6 months of age
  • operates according to the reality principle
  • seeks to gratify the id’s instincts in realistic, rational ways
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4
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the superego

society

A
  • last aspect of personality to develop
  • represents the internalization of society’s values & standards
  • acts as the conscience
  • attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts
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5
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

describe characteristics of defense mechanisms and list them

A
  • denial or distortion of reality; operate on an unconscious level
  • repeated reliance on them keeps a person from resolving the conflicts that are causing anxiety
  • repression
  • denial
  • reaction formation
  • projection
  • sublimation
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6
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the defense mechanism repression

A
  • basis of all other defense mechanisms
  • involuntary
  • involves keeping undesirable thoughts & urges out of conscious awareness
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7
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics & methods of the defense mechanism denial

A
  • immature; involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
  • ignoring, distorting, & rejecting reality
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8
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the defense mechanism reaction formation

A

defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing it’s opposite

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9
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the defense mechanism projection

A

attritbuting an unacceptable impulse to another person

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10
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of the defense mechanism sublimation

A

channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor

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11
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

what is the primary technique of psychoanalysis

A

analysis of a client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, & transference

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12
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

list the 4 steps in the process of psychoanalysis

A
  1. Confrontation
  2. Clarification
  3. Interpretation
  4. Working Through
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13
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of Step 1: Confrontation

A

helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of & their possible causes

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14
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of Step 2: Clarification

A

bringing the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by separating important details from extraneous material

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15
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of Step 3: Interpretation

A

explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes

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16
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

repeated interpretation leads to what?

A

catharsis and insight into the connection between unconscious material & current behavior

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17
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

define catharsis according to psychoanalysis

A

the experience of repressed emotions

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18
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

characteristics of Step 4: Working Through

A

a gradual process during which the client accepts & integrates new insights into their life

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19
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

  1. assumptions about behavior
  2. list 2 aspects of the unconscious psyche
  3. primary goal(s) of treatment
A
  1. assumptions:
    * behavior is driven by both positive & negative forces
    * personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan
    * behavior is affected by the past & the future
  2. the 2 aspects of the unconscious psyche: personal & collective unconscious
  3. primary goals of treatment:
    * bring unconscious material into consciousness
    * facilitate the process of individuation
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20
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

what do the personal and collective unconscious consist of

A
  • personal: a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories
  • collective: memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next
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21
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

characteristics of archetypes associated to the collective unconscious

A
  • universal thoughts & images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances
  • expressed in myths, symbols, & dreams
  • include the persona, shadow, hero, & anima/animus
22
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

when does the process of individuation occur? describe the process

A
  • during the second half of life
  • when a person becomes a psychological “in-dividual” - a separate, indivisible unity or whole
23
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

techniques used to achieve the primary goals of treatment from an analytic psychology approach

A
  • dream interpretation
  • analysis of transference
24
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Jung’s view of transference

A

due to the projection of elements of the personal & collective unconscious

25
Q

Humanistic, Existential, & Other Psychotherapies

list the similarites between humanistic & existential psychotherapies

A
  • focus on the here-and-now
  • phenomenological orientation - prioritizing client’s subjective experience over objective reality
  • reject the medical model & use of clinical labels
  • concentrate on client’s internal qualities & perspective rather than symptoms
26
Q

Humanistic, Existential, & Other Psychotherapies

list the differences between humanistic & existential psychotherapies

A

humanistic
* emphasizes acceptance & growth
* help clients become more fully-functioning & self-actualizing

existential
* emphasize freedom & responsibility
* help clients confront anxieties that arise from awareness of one’s existential condition
* help clients cultivate authentic engagement with their world

27
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

  1. assumptions
  2. view of psychological problems
  3. primary goal(s) of treatment
A

assumptions:
* all people have an innate drive toward self-actualization & are motivated to achieve their full potential

view of psychological problems:
* thwarted drive toward self-actualization
* incongruence between their self-concept & experience

primary goals of treatment
* help the client become a more fully functioning person who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization

28
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

according to Rogers, what is a source of incongruence? Give an example.

A

conditions of worth
* when parents provide a child with love & acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways

29
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

according to Rogers, how do people often react to incongruence? What is the outcome of their reaction(s)?

A
  • defensively by disorting or denying their experience
  • psychological maladjustment
30
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

list & define the 3 facilitative (core) conditions of person-centered therapy

A
  • emphathy: understanding the client’s perspective & communicating that understanding to them
  • unconditional positive regard: valuing & accepting the client as a person
  • congruence: being genuine, authentic, & honest
31
Q

Gestalt Therapy

  1. assumptions
  2. view of psychological issues
  3. primary goal(s) of treatment
A

assumptions:
* people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled needs both physical & psychological
* people seek to obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis

view of psychological issues
* the result of unfulfilled needs

primary goal(s) of treatment
* gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, & actions (curative factor)

32
Q

Gestalt Therapy

list the characteristics and types of boundary disturbances

A

a persistant disturbance that interferes with a person’s ability to fulfill needs
* introjection: when people adopt the belief, standards, & values of others without evaluation or awareness
* projection: when people attritbute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people
* retroflection: when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others
* deflection: when people avoid contact with the environment
* confluence: when people blur the distinction between themselves & others

33
Q

Gestalt Therapy

list & describe 2 strategies Gestalt therapists use to increase client’s awareness

A
  • dream work: having the client role-play parts of their dream that represent disowned parts of their personality
  • empty chair: having the client interact with opposing aspects of their personality (e.g., top dog & underdog) or to resolve “unfinished business” with a significant person in their past or present
34
Q

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt therapists’ view of working with transference

A
  • do not foster or interpret
  • instead, help client distinguish bewteen their “transference fantasy” & reality
35
Q

Existential Therapies

  1. main contributors
  2. assumptions
  3. view of psychological issues
  4. primary goal(s) for treatment
A

main contributors:
* Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, & Viktor Frankl

assumptions:
* each person must ultimately define their personal existence

view of psychological issues:
* the result of an inability to resolve conflict that arise when facing 4 “ultimate concerns of existence”

primary goal(s) of treatment:
* to help clients lead more authentic lives
* assisting client in taking charge of their life
* helping clients choose for themselves the values & purposes that will define & guide their existence
* supporting clients in actions that express their values & purposes

36
Q

Existential Therapies

list the 4 ultimate concerns of existence according to existential therapies

A
  1. death
  2. freedom
  3. isolation
  4. meaningless
37
Q

Existential Therapies

list & describe the 2 types of anxiety existential therapies distinguish between

A
  1. Normal (existential) Anxiety: in proportion to an objective threat, does no involve repression, & can be used constructively to identify & confront the conditions that elicited it & motivate positive change
  2. Neurotic Anxiety: disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, & keeps people from reaching their full potential
38
Q

Existential Therapies

what do existential therapists consider to be the most important therapeutic tool?

A

an authentic therapeutic relationship

39
Q

Existential Therapies

list 3 techniques that existential therapists use

A
  • questioning
  • interpretation
  • reframing
40
Q

Reality Therapy

  1. assumptions
  2. view of psychological issues
  3. primary goal(s) of treatment
A

assumptions:
* people have 5 basic innate needs
* the ways a person chooses to fulfill their needs determines
* whether thay have a success or failure identity

view of psychological issues:
* the result of adopting a “failure identity”

primary goal(s) of treatment:
* to replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity
* help the client assume responsibility for their actions & adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill their needs

41
Q

Reality Therapy

list the 5 basic innate needs according to reality therapy

A
  1. love & belonging
  2. power
  3. fun
  4. freedom
  5. survival
42
Q

Reality Therapy

characteristics of a success VS. failure identity

A

success identity:
* choose to fulfill needs responsibly in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others

failure identity:
* choose to fulfill needs irresponsibly in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others and these ways do not always help the person get what they need/want

43
Q

Reality Therapy

strategies used by reality therapists

WDEP system

A

W: asking clients about their wants and needs
D: determine what the client is currently doing to foster awareness of their behaviors
E: encourage client to evaluate their own behaviors
P: help the client create a plan of action

44
Q

Positive Psychology

list the characteristics of valued subjective experiences in positive psychology

A
  • well-being
  • contentment
  • satisfaction (in the past
  • hope & optimism (for the future)
  • flow & happiness (in the present)
45
Q

Positive Psychology

define the concept of flow in postive psychology

A
  • a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter
  • the experience is so enjouable that people will continue to do it for the sake of doing it, even at great cost
46
Q

Positive Psychology

when are people most likely to experience flow according to positive psychology

A

when there is a challenge-skill balance
* when people believe they have the skills needed to meet an activitiy’s challenge and the challenge & skill level are both relatively high

47
Q

Positive Psychology

what is a distinctive characteristic of positive psychology

A

its emphasis on using the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, & interventions

48
Q

Positive Psychology

research has linked positive emotions & optimism to what? And positive psychology interventions to what?

A
  • increased longevity
  • improved physical health
49
Q

Personal Construct Theory

  1. focus
  2. assumptions
A

focus: how people construe (perceive, interpret, & anticipate) events

assumptions:
* there are alternative ways of construing events
* people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behaviors & outcomes

50
Q

Personal Construct Theory

define personal constructs according to Kelly (1963)

A

bipolar dimensions of meaning that arise from a person’s experiences & may operate on an unconcsious or conscious level
* examples of bipolar dimensions: fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant

51
Q

Personal Construct Theory

characteristics of the therapeutic relationship in personal construct theory

A

client & therapist are partners working together to help identify & replace maladaptive personal constructs

52
Q

Personal Construct Theory

define the purpose of Kelly’s (1963) fixed-role therapy & describe it

A
  • to help clients try out alternative personal constructs
  • having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist & construes events in alternative ways