Family & Group Therapies Flashcards
Family Therapies
most approaches to family therapy have roots in what 3 theoretical frameworks?
general systems theory
cybernetic theory
communication theory
Family Therapies
3 assumptions of general systems theory
all systems:
* consist of interacting components
* are governed by the same general rules
* have homeostatic mechanisms that help them maintain a state of stability & equilibrium
Family Therapies
describe basic tenets of Cybernetic Theory
concerned with the mechanisms that regulate a system’s functioning and distinguishes between negative & positive feedback loops
Family Therapies
describe negative feedback loops
Cybernetic Theory
these loops resist change and help a system maintian the status quo
Family Therapies
describe positive feedback loops
Cybernetic Theory
these loops amplify change & disrupt the status quo
Family Therapies
describe the assumption of Communication Theory and describe when problems occur according to this perspective
certain types of repetitive patterns of communication and interaction produce problematic behavior
problems occur in families when interactions between family members are exclusively symmetrical or complementary
Family Therapies
Bateson (1972) linked the development of schizophrenia to double-bind communication. What is double-bind communication?
Communication Theory
when a person receives two contradictory messages from a family member & is not allowed to comment on the contradiction
Family Therapies
Bateson (1972) distinguished bewteen symmetrical and complementary interactions - define these terms
symmetrical interactions: reflect equality & occur when the behavior of 1 person elicits a similar type of behavior from the other person
complementary interactions: reflect inequality & occur when the behavior of 1 person complements the behavior of the other person
Family Therapies
these types of interactions can escalate in intensity and become a one-upmanship game
symmetrical
Family Therapies
these types of interactions can be described as 1 person in dominant role & 1 person in subordinate role
complementary
Family Therapies
recent approaches to family therapy are influenced by postmodernism, which challenges the basic premises of general systems theory - describe the basic premises of postmodernism
there are universal laws that govern systems & these laws can be discovered by scientific research
Family Therapies
list 2 perspectives adopted by postmodernism approaches and describe their assumption(s)
constructivist & social constructionism
assume there are multiple viewpoints & realities
Family Therapies
this process is associated with postmodernism approaches to family therapy and refers to forming a collaborative relationship with the family & helping family members identify alternative ways of interpreting and resolving problems
shared process
Family Therapies
list 9 family therapies
- Extended Family Systems Therapy
- Structural Family Therapy
- Strategic Family Therapy
- Milan Systemic Family Therapy
- Conjoint Family Therapy
- Narrative Family Therapy
- Emotionally-Focused Therapy
- Functional Family Therapy
- Multisystemic Therapy
Extended Family Systems Therapy
- developed by who
- theoretical assumption(s)
- primary goal
aka Intergenerational & Transgenerational Family Therapy
- Bowen
- views families as emotional units where changes in 1 person affect the whole family; thus, differentiation in 1 family member facilitates greater differentiation in other family members
- to increase each family member’s differentiation
Extended Family Systems Therapy
Bowen derived his approach from work with children with schizophrenia and their families, which led to what conclusion re: the etiology of schizophrenia?
transmission of certain emotional processes from one generation to the next is responsible for the development of schizophrenia in a fmaily member
Extended Family Systems Therapy
- concepts
- interventions
- concepts
* Differentiation
* Emotional Triangles
* Family Projection Process
* Multigenerational Transmission Process - interventions
* 3 generation enograms
* questions designed to difuse emotions & help family members identify how they contribute to family problems
* teach family members how to interact with their families-of-origin in ways that increase differentiation
Family & Group Therapies
differentiation, emotional triangles, family projection process, & multigenerational transmission process are all concepts of which family therapy
extended family therapy
Extended Family Systems Therapy
purpose of genograms
to help family members understand intergenerational patterns of functioning
Extended Family Systems Therapy
role of the therapist
- coach
- stay connected with family members but remain neutral to avoid becoming involved in the family’s emotional processes
- family members talk directly to therapist rather than to each other - reduces emotional reactivity in session
Extended Family Systems Therapy
how many family members do Bowenian therapists see at one time and typically who are these family members?
2; typically the parents
OR
the individual family member who is most capable of increasing their level of differentiation
Extended Family Systems Therapy
define differentiation
(intrapersonal) the degree at which each family member is able to separate their own emotional & intellectual functioning (e.g., separating thinking from feeling)
(interpersonal) which then makes it possible for them to separate their functioning from the functioning of other family members
Extended Family Systems Therapy
according to Bowen, a person with a low level of differentiation will become ____ with other family members
emotionally fused
Extended Family Systems Therapy
an extended family systems therapy concept that occurs when a family dyad experiencing tension recruits a 3rd family member
emotional triangles
Extended Family Systems Therapy
describe the purpose of emotional triangles according to Bowen’s extended family systems therapy
alleviate the tension between the family dyad & increases stability
Extended Family Systems Therapy
according to Bowen, when does the likelihood of emotional triangles increase
as the levels of differentiation of family members decreases
Extended Family Systems Therapy
this extended family systems therapy concept refers to the parents’ projection of their emotional immaturity onto their children
Family Projection Process
Extended Family Systems Therapy
expected impact of Bowen’s family projection process concept on children
lower levels of differentiation
Extended Family Systems Therapy
this extended family systems therapy concept is an extension of the family projection process & refers to the transmission of emotional maturity from one generation to the next
Multigenerational Transmission Process
Extended Family Systems Therapy
which family member is the most likely to be impacted by Bowen’s Multigenerational Transmission Process and how?
- the child most involved in the family’s emotional system
- they become the least differentiated family member
Extended Family Systems Therapy
according to Bowen, if the Multigeneratoinal Transmission Process continues over many generations, what is the outcome?
the development of severe psychiatric symptoms in a child
Extended Family Systems Therapy
according to Bowen, how does the multigenerational transmission process impact adults
adults typically choose a spouse or partner who has a smiliar level of differentiation & the couple then transmits an even lower level of differentiation to one of its children
Structural Family Therapy
- developed by who
- theoretical assumption(s)
- Munichin
- family member’s symptoms are related to problems in the family structure
Structural Family Therapy
according to Munichin, what are 2 important aspects of a family’s structure
- subsystems
- boundaries
Structural Family Therapy
a structural family therapy concept that refers to smaller units of the entire system that are responsible for carrying out specific tasks. For example, the members of the family that are responsible for caring for the children
subsystem
Structural Family Therapy
according to Munichin, boundaries differ in terms of what? and exist on a what?
- degree of permeability
- continuum
Structural Family Therapy
according to Munichin, overly diffuse boundaries lead to what?
enmeshed relationships
Structural Family Therapy
according to Munichin, overly rigid boundaries that lead to what?
disengaged relationships
Structural Family Therapy
according to Munichin, this type of boundaries let family members have close relationships while maintaining a sense of personal identity
clear boundaries
Structural Family Therapy
goals of therapy
- to alleviate current symptoms
- to change the family structure by 1) altering coalitions and 2) creating clear boundaries
Structural Family Therapy
focus of structural family therapy sessions
promoting behavior change (rather than insight)
Structural Family Therapy
match the description with the correct type of rigid family triads: an unstable coalition, a stable coalition, a detouring - support coalition, a detour - attack coalition
1) occurs when parents avoid their conflict by blaming the child for their problems (aka triangulation)
2) occurs when parents overprotect the child to avoid their own problems
3) occurs when each parent separately demands that the child side with them
4) occurs when 1 parent and a child form an inflexible alliance against the other parent
- a detouring - attack coalition
- a detouring - support coalition
- an unstable coalition
- a stable coalition
a practitioner of this type of therapy may say that dysfunctional family structures cause the family to repeatedly respond inappropriately to developmental & situational stress and result in maladaptive behaviors
Structural Family Therapy
Structural Family Therapy
3 phases of therapy
- joining (initial engagement)
- assessment (understanding family dynamics)
- restructuring (intervening to change interaction patterns)
Structural Family Therapy
during this phase of structural family therapy, the therapist works to establish a therapeutic alliance with the family using techniques like mimesis, tracking, & maintenaince
the joining phase
Structural Family Therapy
this structural family therapy technique is typically used during the joining phase and involves adopting the family’s affective, behavioral, & communication style
mimesis
Structural Family Therapy
this structural family therapy technique is typically used during the joining phase and involves adopting the content of the family’s communications
tracking
delete
Structural Family Therapy
during this phase of structural family therapy, the therapist makes a structural diagnosis, identifies appropriate interventions, and uses techniques such as constructing a family map
evaluation phase
Structural Family Therapy
this structural family therapy technique is typically used in the evaluation phase and involves identifying subsystems, boundaries, and other aspects of the family’s structure
family map
Structural Family Therapy
during this phase of structural family therapy, the therapist focuses on techniques such as reframing, unbalancing, boundary making, and enactment
intervening phase
Structural Family Therapy
this structural family therapy technique is typically used during the intervening phase and involves asking family members to role-play a problematic interaction so the therapist can obtain information about the interaction and then encourage family members to interact in an alternative way
enactment
Structural Family Therapy
this structural family therapy technique is typically used during the intervening phase to alter hierarchical relationships & involves the therapist aligning with a fmaily member whose level of power needs to be increased
unbalancing
Structural Family Therapy
this structural family therapy technique is typically used during the intervening phase and involves relabeling a problematic behavior so it can be viewed in a more contructive way
reframing
Structural Family Therapy
A family therapist described a patient’s depression & anxiety as loneliness. The technique being used by this therapist is referred to as…
reframing
Structural Family Therapy
A family therapist meeting with a family of 3 (mom, dad, teendage daughter) aligns with the teenage daughter in an effort to increase the daughter’s level of power. The technique being used by the therapist is referred to as…
unbalancing
Structural Family Therapy
After hearing about a recent interaction among family members that was particularly problematic and distressing for the family, a family therapist asks the family to role-play the interaction. Afterwards, the family therapist asks the family to role-play the same situation but in an alternative way. The technique being used by the this therapist is referred to as…
enactment
Strategic Family Therapy
- developed by who
- theoretical assumption(s)
- Haley
- theoretical assumptions:
* maladaptive family functioning is often related to unclear or inappropriate hierarchies
* struggles for power & control in relationships are core features of family functioning
Strategic Family Therapy
according to Haley, this term refers to a strategy that is adaptive to a current social situation for controlling a relationship when all other strategies have failed
from Goldenberg & Goldenberg (2013)
a symptom
Strategic Family Therapy
primary goal(s)
to alter family interactions that are maintaining its symptoms
Strategic Family Therapy
role & characteristics of strategic family therapists
- active
- use strategies aimed at changing behavior (rather than instilling insight)
Strategic Family Therapy
match the descriptions to the correct stages of an initial session of Haley’s Strategic Family Therapy: social stage, problem stage, interactional stage, goal-setting stage
1) family members discuss their different views of the family’s problem & therapist observes how they interact when addressing the problem
2) therapist welcomes family & observes their interactions
3) therapist helps family members agree on a definition of the family’s problem & concrete therapy goals that target the problem
4) therapist elicits each family member’s view of the family problem & its causes
- interactional stage
- social stage (brief)
- goal-setting stage
- problem stage
Strategic Family Therapy
interventions throughout treatment are a combination of these 2 directives
straightforward & paradoxical
Strategic Family Therapy
this type of directive in strategic family therapy involves instructions to engage in specific behaviors that will change how family members interact
straightforward directives
Strategic Family Therapy
this type of directive in strategic family therapy involves helping family members realize that they have control over problematic behavior and using the resistance of family members to help them change in desired ways, which consists of prescribing the symptom, restraining, & ordeals
paradoxial directives
Strategic Family Therapy
this strategic family therapy intervention involves instructing the family members to engage in problematic behavior, often in an exaggerated way
prescribing the symptom
Strategic Family Therapy
this strategic family therapy intervention involves encouraging family members NOT to change or warning them not to change too quickly
restraining
Strategic Family Therapy
this strategic family therapy intervention involves an unpleasant task that a family member is asked to perform whenever they engage in the undesirable behavior
ordeal
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
list the theoretical assumption of Milan Systemic Family Therapy
Salvini-Palazzoli, Boscolo, Ceechin, & Prata
the family as a whole protects itself from change through homeostatic rules and patterns of communication
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
this term for patterns of communication refers to rigid problematic behaviors and involves power struggles between family members
family games (aka “dirty games”)
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
- primary goal(s) of therapy
- focus of sessions
- alter the family rules & communication patterns that are maintaining problematic behavior
- focus of sessions - providing family with information that:
* challenges family games
* helps family members develop communication patterns
* increases the family’s ability to adapt to change
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
what distinguishes Milan Systemic Family Therapy from other family therapies?
it’s use of a therapeutic team & five-part therapy sessions
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
list the 5-parts of therapy sessions
- pre-session
- session
- intersession
- intervention
- post-session
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
list 5 commonly used strategies
Houses Need Calm People Functioning
- hypothesizing
- neutralizing
- circular questions
- positive connotation
- family rituals
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
this term is a milan systemic family therapy strategy and refers to a continual interactive process of speculating and making assumptions about the family’s situation
hypothesizing
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
a practitioner of milan systemic family therapy using the hypothesizing strategy would develop their 1st hypothesis from information obtained how?
in the initial telephone interview
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
a practitioner of milan systemic family therapy using the hypothesizing strategy would modify their hypotheses when?
as new information about the family’s functioning is acquired
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
this milan systemic family therapy strategy refers to the therapist’s interest in the family’s situation & acceptance of each family member’s perception of the problem
neutrality
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
this milan systemic family therapy strategy involves asking each family member the same question for the purpose of 1) identifying differences in perceptions about events & relationships and 2) uncovering family communication patterns
circular questioning
“e.g., “When mom is depressed, what does Dad do?”
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
this milan systemic family therapy strategy refers to a type of reframing of the family’s perceived problem and involves changing the family’s perception of a symptom from an individual family member’s illness to, instead, a behavior involving the entire family system that’s voluntarily controlled & well intentions
positive connotation
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
this milan systemic family therapy strategy refers to activities carried out by family members between sessions in an effort to alter problematic family games
family rituals
e.g., when parents are competitive in their control of children’s behavior or family events, the therapist might instruct the mother to make all family decisions on odd-numbered days & the father to make decisions on even-numbered days
Conjoint Family Therapy
- developed by who
- theoretical influences
- theoretical assumption(s)
aka the human validation process model
- Satir
- humanistic psychology & communication & experiential approaches
- family systems seek a state of balance & family problems arise when balance is maintained by unrealistic expectations, inappropriate rules and roles, & dysfunctional communication
Conjoint Family Therapy
match the description with the correct dysfunctional communication styles according to Satir: placating, blaming, computing, distracting
1) taking an overly intellectual & rational (super-reasonable) approach to avoid becoming emotionally engaged with others
2) changing the subject & making inappropriate jokes to distract attention & avoid conflict
3) agreeing with or capitulating to others due to fear, dependency, & a desire to be loved & accepted
4) accusing, judging, and bullying others to avoid taking responsibility & to hide feelings of vulnerability & worthlessness
- computing
- distracting
- placating
- blaming
Conjoint Family Therapy
this communication style is characterized by a functional style, congruence between verbal & nonverbal messages, directness & authenticity, and emotional enagement with others
congruent (or leveling)
Conjoint Family Therapy
- primary goal(s) of therapy
- interventions & techniques
- to enhance the growth potential of family members by increasing their self-esteem, strengthening their problem-solving skills, & helping them communicate congruently
- use of the self, family sculpting, & family reconstruction
Conjoint Family Therapy
according to Satir, this is the most important therapeutic tool
use of the self
Conjoint Family Therapy
list the 5 roles therapists have when working with clients according to Satir
- facilitator
- mediator
- advocate
- educator
- role model
Conjoint Family Therapy
this is a conjoint family therapy technique that involves having each family member take a turn positioning other family members in ways that depict their view of family relationships
family sculpting
Conjoint Family Therapy
this is a conjoint family therapy intervention that is a type of psychodrama and involves role-playing 3 generations of the family to explore unresolved family issues & events
family reconstruction
Narrative Family Therapy
- leading contributors
- theoretical assumption(s)
- White & Epston
- assumptions:
* people’s problems are externalized & stem from the oppresive, socially constructed stories they develop & maintain
“a person’s problems as arising from, and being maintained by, oppressive socially constructed stories which dominate ther person’s life…
the person is NOT the problem; the problem is not internal to the person but is something that exists outside of the person”
Narrative Family Therapy
give an example of this approach’s theoretical assumption that the problem - not the person - is the problem
re: depression
instead of saying that a family member is depressed, a narrative family therapist would say that depression sometimes causes problems for the person
Narrative Family Therapy
list the primary goal of narrative family therapy
to replace problem-saturated stories with alternative stories that support more satisfying & preferred outcomes
broad stages of the process of narrative family therapy
vary somewhat among practitioners but generally involve the following:
* meeting family members
* listening
* separating family members from problems
* enacting preferred narratives
* solidifying
Narrative Family Therapy
this stage of narrative family therapy involves getting to know them separate from their problems and asking about their interests & everyday activities
meeting family members stage
Narrative Family Therapy
this stage of narrative family therapy involves paying attention to what family members say to identify dominant discourses & unique outcomes (aka “sparkling moments”)
listening stage
Narrative Family Therapy
this term is associated with narrative family therapy and refers to experiences that are not consistent with problem-saturated stories
sparkling moments
Narrative Family Therapy
this stage of narrative family therapy involves externalizing the problems (e.g., the problem - NOT the person - is the problem)
separating family members from their problems stage
Narrative Family Therapy
this stage of narrative family therapy involves identifying alternative stories that lead to more satisfying realities & identities
enacting preferred narratives stage
Narrative Family Therapy
this stage of narrative family therapy involves strengthening alternative stories and involves ther therapist writing letters of support to family members and expanding the family’s network of social relationships to include individuals who will support its new stories
solidifying stage
Narrative Family Therapy
- role of the therapist
- interventions & techniques
- collaborator
- interventions & techniques:
* externalizing & opening space questions
* therapeutic letters
* therapeutic certificates
* definitional ceremonies
Narrative Family Therapy
this narrative family therapy intervention is used to help clients view their problems as being outside themselves (e.g., “What does your anger tell you to do?”)
externalizing questions
Narrative Family Therapy
this narrative family therapy intervention is used to help family members identify unique outcomes (e.g., “Have there been times when conflicts didn’t control your lives?”)
opening space questions
Narrative Family Therapy
this narrative family therapy intervention is used to reinforce family members’ emerging alternative stories, highlight family’s strengths, and summarize positive shifts
therapeutic letters
Narrative Family Therapy
this narrative family therapy intervention is given to family members toward the end of therapy to acknowledge their accomplishments
therapeutic certificates
Narrative Family Therapy
this narrative family therapy intervention provides family members with opportunities to tell others how they overcame their problems & celebrate the changes they’ve made in their lives
definitional ceremonies
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
- integrates principles of what other approaches
- developed for what purpose
- attachment theory, humanistic-experiential approaches, & systems theory
- to help emotionally distressed partners who want to strengthen their relationship & stay together
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
when is EFT for couples contraindicated
- partners with different agendas for their relationship or for therapy
- therapist believes that emotional vulnerability is not safe or advisable (e.g., when there is ongoing IPV in the relationship)
- a partner has an untreated SUD
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
main difference between Emotionally-Focused Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy
emotion-focused therapy refers to various therapies that emphasize emotion as the target of change
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
3 assumptions
- emotions are essential to the organization of attachment behaviors & influence perceptions of self & partner (i.e., “how people experience themselves & their partners in intimate relationships”)
- the attachment needs of partners are essentially healthy & adaptive but problems stem from attachment-related insecurities
- relationship distress is maintained by the ways in which interactions between partners are organized & by the dominant emotional experiences of each partner
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
a practicitioner of emotionally-focused therapy is likely to assume what is the fastest & most effective way to solve problems
helping partners express and deal with their emotions
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
primary goal(s) of therapy
- expand & restructure emotional experiences partners have with each other
- develop new interactional patterns
- experience attachment security within their relationship
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
3 stages of therapy
- assessment & cycle de-escalation
- changing interactional positions & creating new bonding events
- consolidation & integration
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
Shapiro (2001) first suggested the potential usefulness of combining EFT with this therapeutic approach. The effectiveness of this combined approach for couples who are affected by war trauma was later confirmed by Eberro & Sommers-Flanagan (2007).
EMDR
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
Knox’s (2015) research on the effects of combining EMDR & EFT as a treatment for couples who are affected by war trauma found…
the combined treatment was more effective than EFT alone or EMDR alone for improving marital satisfaction and attachment security
BUT - EMDR alone was most effective for reducing the symptoms of PTSD
Emotionally-Focused Therapy
Research conducted by Knox (2015) found these outcomes from using an EMDR only approach
greatest reduction in PTSD symptoms
Functional Family Therapy
NEED TO EDIT - separate into multiple cards
1. target population
2. integrates elements of what other family therapies
3. theoretical assumptions
- at-risk adolescents (e.g., those who have conduct disorder and/or a SUD) & their families
- structural, strategic, & behavioral family therapies
- assumes problematic behaviors within a family serve important relationship functions - they regulate interpersonal connections & relational hierarchies
Functional Family Therapy
list the primary goal(s) of functional family therapy
to replace problematic behaviors with nonproblematic behaviors that fulfill the same relationship functions
Functional Family Therapy
list the 3 stages of functional family therapy
1) Engagement & Motivation Stage
2) Behavior Change Stage
3) Generalization Stage
Functional Family Therapy
typical number of sessions & length of time
- 8 to 30 sessions
- 3- to 6-months
Functional Family Therapy
this stage of functional family therapy involves forming a therapeutic alliance, reducing feelings of hopelessness & negativity, increasing positive expectations for change, and developing a family-focused understanding of its presenting problems and consists of joining & reframing interventions
Engagement & Motivation Stage
Functional Family Therapy
this stage of functional family therapy involves idenfitiying immediate & long-term behavioral goals; implementing an individualized treatment plan for the family and consists of interventions that include parenting, communication, problem-solving, and coping skills training
Behavior Change Stage
Functional Family Therapy
this stage of functional family therapy involves maintaining behavior change & generalizing acquired skills to new problems & situations and consists of techniques such as linking family members to community resources and identifying ways to avoid relapse
Generalization Stage
Multisystemic Therapy
- target population(s)
- theoretical foundation
- adolescent offenders at risk for out-of-home placement & their families and adolescents with other serious clinical problems (e.g., psychiatric disturbances, substance abuse, & childhood maltreatment)
- Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
Multisystemic Therapy
Bronfenbrenner’s view of individuals
individuals as being embedded in and influenced directly & indirectly by multiple systems
Multisystemic Therapy
- focus
- the 9 treatment principles
- the specific individual, family, peer, school, & social network variables that contribute to the presenting problem & the interactions between these contributing factors
- the 9 treatment principles include the following:
* finding the fit between identified problems & their broader systemic context
* focusing on positives & strengths
* increasing responsibility
* being present-focused, action-oriented, and well-defined
* targeting behavior sequences
* using developmentally appropriate interventions
* encouraging continuous effort
* stressing evaluation & accountability
* promoting generalization
Multisystemic Therapy
The MST model includes 9 treatment principles that are applied using an ____ process called _____.
- analytic
- “MST Do-Loop”
Multisystemic Therapy
- MST is provided in these 2 settings
- interventions are derived from these approaches
- targets factors that are…
- family’s home & community settings where problems occur
- strategic & structural family therapy, behavior therapy, & CBT
- …driving problem behaviors
Multisystemic Therapy
MST is delivered by ____ and is tailored the adolescent’s and family’s ____.
- a multidisciplinary team
- target behaviors
Multisystemic Therapy
list the likely members of an MST treatment team for an adolescent with academic & conduct problems, frequent use of marijuana & cocaine, and a recent arrest for cocaine possession
- caseworker
- family therapist
- substance abuse counselor
- individuals who work with the adolescent in their school & neighborhood
Multisystemic Therapy
- When MST is not implemented as intended, effectiveness is low. Thus, this system is used to promote treatment fidelity, which includes these 4 components
- a quality assurance system
* initial & booster training of therapists
* ongoing supervision & consultation
* measures that evaluate the adherence of the therapist, supervisor, & consultants to the MST model
* a program implementation review, completed every 6 months by the supervisor & an expert consultant
Group Therapy
list the formative stages of group therapy according to Yalom & Leszcz (2005)
stages typically overlap
1. initial orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, & dependency stage
2. conflict, dominance, & rebellion stage
3. development of cohesiveness stage
Group Therapy
according to Yalom, during this stage of group therapy group members are usually concerned with clarifying the nature & purpose of group and dependant on the leader for structure, acceptance, & answers to their questions
initial orientation, hesitant participation, search for mening, & dependency stage
Group Therapy
according to Yalom, interactions during this stage of group therapy involve describing symptoms, previous treatments, & giving and seeking advice
initial orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, & dependency stage
Group Therapy
according to Yalom, characteristics of this stage of group therapy group members usually compete for power & control, attempt to establish a pecking order, and tend to be critical of each other
conflict, dominance, & rebellion stage
some group members may become hostile & resentful toward the therapist as they become aware that they’re not going to become the therapist’s favorite child
Group Therapy
according to Yalom, characteristics of this stage of group therapy group members begin to trust each other & the therapist, may reveal the real reason they’ve come to group, and may show concern when a member is absent or drops out of therapy
development of cohesiveness stage
Group Therapy
what does the development of cohesiveness among group members indicate
the beginning of a mature group that can deal effectively with the concerns & problems of group members
Group Therapy
list the 11 therapeutic factors
- group cohesiveness
- instillation of hope
- universality
- altruism
- imparting information
- development of socializing techniques
- corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
- interpersonal learning
- imitative behavior
- catharsis
- existential factors
Group Therapy
this group therapeutic factor is considered analogous with the therapeutic alliance in individual therapy, is viewed as a precondition for the other therapeutic factors, and has most consistently been found to be a strong predictor of positive group therapy outcomes
group cohesiveness
