Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models Flashcards
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
Accoding to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1998), each stage is determined by what?
a minority group member’s attitudes toward their own group & the majority (dominant) group
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
list the 5 stages
Cats Don’t Run In Iceland
- Conformity
- Dissonance
- Resistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative Awareness
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person have positive attitudes toward dominant cultural values & a preference for majority group memberes over their own minority group
Stage 1: Conformity
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person hold conflicting attitudes toward dominant culture and their own minority group, an awareness of the affects of racism, and interest in learning more about their own culture
Stage 2: Dissonance
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person hold positive attitudes toward their own minority group and negative attitudes toward the majority group
Stage 3: Resistance & Immersion
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM is a person comfortable with their cultural/racial identity, but questions their loyalty to their own minority group and is concerned about 1) how their inflexible attitudes/beliefs affect their judgment of the majority group and 2) their autonomy & individiaulity
Stage 4: Introspection
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person secure in their cultural identity, aware of positive & negative aspects of all cultural groups, and committed to eliminating all forms of oppression & becoming more multicultural
Stage 5: Integrative Awareness
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Conformity Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM
- prefer therapist from majority group
- view therapist’s attempts to explore their own culture as threatening
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Dissonance Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM
- may prefer therapist from majority group
- want therapist to be familiar with their culture
- interested in exploring their cultural identity
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Resistance & Immersion Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM
- unlikely to seek therapy services due to suspiciousness of mental health services
- if they do seek services, they’re likely to attribute psychological problems to racism
- prefer a therapist from their own minority group
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Introspection Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM
- may prefer therapist from own minority group
- willing to consider a therapist from another group that understands their culture
- interested in exploring their new sense of identity
Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)
therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Integrative Awareness Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM
- based on similarity of attitudes
- most interested in strategies aimed at community & societal change
(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
list 5 stages of development included in Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model
- Pre-Encounter
- Encounter
- Immersion - Emersion
- Internalization
- Internalization - Committment
(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person idealize & prefer white culture and hold negative attitudes towards their own cultural group (may view it as an obstacle & a source of stigma)
Stage 1: Pre-Encounter
(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model is a person questioning their views of Black & white culture and interested in learning about becoming more connected to their culture
Stage 2: Encounter
(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person reject white culture and become immersed in their own culture
Stage 3: Immersion - Emersion
(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person have a positive Black racial identity, tolerate & respect racial/cultural differences, and become less defensive
Stage 4: Internalization
(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model has a person developed an internalized Black racial identity and become committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression
Stage 5: Internalization - Committment
Cross’ Identity Development Models
list Cross’ 3 identity development models, the author(s), & the year each model was published
- (initial) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
- (revised versions) Nigrescence Model - Revised (Cross, 1991)
- Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)
Cross’ Identity Development Models
how do Cross’ original & revised models differ from one another
- reduced the number of stages from 5 to 4
- combined Stage 4 (Internalization) and Stage 5 (Internalization - Committment)
Second Revision
* Van & Cross reduced the number of stages from 4 to 3 & changed the name to the Black Racial Identity Development Model
Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)
how does Cross’ (1991) Nigrescence Model differ from Cross & Vandiver’s (2001) Black Racial Identity Development Model
- the Black Racial Identity Development Model has 3 (instead of 4) stages
- each stage includes multiple identity subtypes
Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)
list the 3 stages and associated subtypes for each stage
1. Pre-Encounter
* assimilation
* miseducation
* self-hatred
2. Immersion - Emersion
* intense Black involvement
* anti-white
3. Internalization
* Black nationalist
* biculturalist
* multiculturist
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
list the 2 phases of identity development
- abandonment of racism
- defining a non-racist white identity
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
list the 3 stasuses for Phase 1: Abandonment of Racism
- Contact
- Disintegration
- Reintegration
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
list the 3 statuses of Phase 2: Defining a Non-Racist White Identity
- Pseudo - Independence
- Immersion - Emersion
- Autonomy
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
characteristics of the Contact Stage
- lack of awareness of racism
- satisfaction with the racial status quo
- limited contact with people from racial & cultural minority groups
- may describe self as “colorblind”
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
characteristics of the Disintegration Stage
- increased awareness of race
- race related moral conflicts
- may experience confusion & anxiety
(e.g., conflict between the belief that all people are created equal VS. their unwillingness to live in an integrated neighborhood)
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
characteristics of the Reintegration Stage
- attempt to resolve moral conflicts by accepting dominant ideology of white supremacy & minority inferiority
(e.g., may blame minority group members for their own problems)
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
characteristics of the Pseudo - Independence Stage
- significant event makes them question their beliefs about whites & members of minority groups
- superficial tolerance of minority group members & paternalistic attitudes/behaviors that perpetuate racism
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
characteristics of the Immersion - Emersion Stage
- awareness of white privilege & own racial biases
- interest in combating racism
(may search for an understanding of what it means to be white & to benefit from white privilege)
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
characteristics of the Autonomy Stage
- develop a non-racist white identity
- hold positive attitudes toward & value diversity
(can explore issues related to race & racism without defensiveness)
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
list the 6 stages & the associated information processing strategy
1. Contact
* IPS: obliviousness
2. Disintegration
* IPS: suppression & ambivalence
3. Reintegration
* IPS: selective perception & negative out-group distortion
4. Pseudo - Independence
* IPS: reshaping reality & selective perception
5. Immersion - Emersion
* IPS: hypervigilence & reshaping
6. Autonomy
* IPS: flexibility & complexity
White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)
According to Helms, a progressive therapist-client relationship occurs when?
when the therapist has a more integrated & flexible racial identity than the client
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
instead of describing stages of Black racial identity development, this model proposes that a person’s racial identity may vary…
across time & situations
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
list the 4 dimensions of racial identity
- Racial Salience
- Racial Centrality
- Racial Regard
- Racial Ideology
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Racial Salience Dimension
- extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of their self-concept at a particular point in time & in a particular situation
may be more salient when witnessing or experiencing discriminatory behavior OR when they are the only Black person in a social setting
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Racial Centrality Dimension
- extent to which a person normatively defines themselves in terms of race & is affected by the importance of race relative to other identities the person may hold, such as gender & religion
- in contrast to salience, centrality is relatively stable across situations
for some Black/AA women, gender may be more important than race, whereas for others the opposite may be true
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Racial Regard Dimension
- private regard - the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward Black/AA & how positively or negatively they feel about being Black/AA
- pubilc regard - the extent to which a person feels others view Black/AA positively or negatively
not necessarily realted (e.g., a person may have positive private and negative public regard)
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Racial Ideology Dimension
- a person’s beliefs & opinions about the ways Black/AA should live & interact with society
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
list the 4 racial ideologies
- Nationalist
- Oppressed
- Assimilationist
- Humanist
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Nationalist Ideology
- view AA experience as unique
- believe AA should control their own destinies with minimal input from other groups
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Oppressed Ideology
- emphasize the similarities of oppression between Black/AA & other minority groups
- interested in forming coalitions with other groups
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Assimilationist Ideology
- emphasize similarities between Black/AA & the rest of American society
- believe that Black/AA should work within the system to change it
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)
characteristics of the Humanist Ideology
- emphasize similarities of all humans
- give race low centrality
- more concerned with issues facing the human race
e.g., peace, poverty, & climate change
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
list the 4 stages of identity development
- Sensitization
- Identity Confusion
- Identity Assumption
- Identity Commitment
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
characteristics of the Sensitization Stage
- childhood
- feeling different from same-sex peers
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
According to Troiden’s (1998) Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development, a young girl who says she’s not as feminine or as pretty as other girls is most likely to be in what stage of identity development?
Sensitization
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
According to Troiden’s (1998) Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development, a young boy who is more interested in art & reading than sports is most likely to be in what stage of identity development?
Sensitization
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
characteristics of the Identity Confusion Stage
- middle or late adolescence
- feeling sexually attracted to same-sex people
- suspect they’re gay
- uncertainty & anxiety
- denial, avoidance, attempts to change (repair)
- viewing homosexuality as a phase (redefinition)
- acceptance
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
characteristics of the Identity Assumption Stage
- males: usually between 19 and 21 years old
- females: usually between 21 and 23 years old
- beginning to accept a gay identity
- seek out social & sexual relationships with gays
- disclose their sexual orientation to gay peers & adults
- may also disclose to some heterosexual family members/friends
Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)
characteristics of the Identity Commitment Stage
- internalize/accept gay identity & homosexuality as a way of life
- comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals, incl. family, friends, coworkers
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
list 2 interacting processes
- an individual sexual identity process
- a social sexual identity process
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
list the 5 sexual identity statuses
- Unexplored Commitment
- Activve Exploration
- Diffusion
- Deepening & Commitment
- Synthesis
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
characteristics of the Unexplored Commitment Sexual Identity Status
- a sexual identity that reflects micro- & macrosocial mandates for acceptable gender roles & sexual behavior
- microsocial mandates = familial
- macrosocial mandates = societal
- potential avoidance of sexual self-exploration
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
characteristics of the Active Exploration Sexual Identity Status
- purposeful exploration, evaluation, or experimentation of one’s sexual needs, values, orientation,
- exploring preferences for activities, partner characteristics, or modes of sexual expression
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
characteristics of the Diffusion Sexual Identity Status
- an absence of active exploration & commitment
may be confused about many aspects of identtiy, not just sexual identity
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
characteristics of the Deepening & Commitment Sexual Identity Status
- moving toward greater commitment to one’s identified sexual identity
(e.g., needs, values, sexual orientation, and/or preferences for activities, partner characteristics, & modes of sexual expression)
Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)
characteristics of the Synthesis Sexual Identity Status
- integration of one’s sexual identity with other identities, such as gender, race, ethnicity)
Research: Identity Development
Konik & Stewart’s (2004) study comparing heterosexual-identified & sexual-minority-identified individuals found participants’ descriptions of their sexual identities differed how?
sexual-minority-identified participants described their sexual identities as more salient & sexual identity development as a more effortful process than did heterosexual-identified participants
Research: Identity Development
Konik & Stewart’s (2004) study comparing heterosexual-identified & sexual-minority-identified individuals found that heterosexual-identified participants obtained (higher/lower) scores on less advanced stages of global identity development. What did this suggest?
- higher scores on less advanced stages
- suggested these participants experienced identity foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion
Research: Identity Development
Konik & Stewart’s (2004) found that sexual-minority-identified individuals obtained higher scores on global identity achievement. What does this finding suggest?
developing a sexual-minority identity may facilitate the successful development of other aspects of identity, such as race/ethnicity, gender, etc.
