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Clinical Psychology > Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models > Flashcards

Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models Flashcards

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1
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

Accoding to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1998), each stage is determined by what?

A

a minority group member’s attitudes toward their own group & the majority (dominant) group

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2
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

list the 5 stages

Cats Don’t Run In Iceland

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance & Immersion
  4. Introspection
  5. Integrative Awareness
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3
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person have positive attitudes toward dominant cultural values & a preference for majority group memberes over their own minority group

A

Stage 1: Conformity

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4
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person hold conflicting attitudes toward dominant culture and their own minority group, an awareness of the affects of racism, and interest in learning more about their own culture

A

Stage 2: Dissonance

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5
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person hold positive attitudes toward their own minority group and negative attitudes toward the majority group

A

Stage 3: Resistance & Immersion

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6
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM is a person comfortable with their cultural/racial identity, but questions their loyalty to their own minority group and is concerned about 1) how their inflexible attitudes/beliefs affect their judgment of the majority group and 2) their autonomy & individiaulity

A

Stage 4: Introspection

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7
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person secure in their cultural identity, aware of positive & negative aspects of all cultural groups, and committed to eliminating all forms of oppression & becoming more multicultural

A

Stage 5: Integrative Awareness

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8
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Conformity Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • prefer therapist from majority group
  • view therapist’s attempts to explore their own culture as threatening
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9
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Dissonance Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • may prefer therapist from majority group
  • want therapist to be familiar with their culture
  • interested in exploring their cultural identity
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10
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Resistance & Immersion Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • unlikely to seek therapy services due to suspiciousness of mental health services
  • if they do seek services, they’re likely to attribute psychological problems to racism
  • prefer a therapist from their own minority group
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11
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Introspection Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • may prefer therapist from own minority group
  • willing to consider a therapist from another group that understands their culture
  • interested in exploring their new sense of identity
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12
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Integrative Awareness Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • based on similarity of attitudes
  • most interested in strategies aimed at community & societal change
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13
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

list 5 stages of development included in Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model

A
  1. Pre-Encounter
  2. Encounter
  3. Immersion - Emersion
  4. Internalization
  5. Internalization - Committment
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14
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person idealize & prefer white culture and hold negative attitudes towards their own cultural group (may view it as an obstacle & a source of stigma)

A

Stage 1: Pre-Encounter

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15
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model is a person questioning their views of Black & white culture and interested in learning about becoming more connected to their culture

A

Stage 2: Encounter

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16
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person reject white culture and become immersed in their own culture

A

Stage 3: Immersion - Emersion

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17
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person have a positive Black racial identity, tolerate & respect racial/cultural differences, and become less defensive

A

Stage 4: Internalization

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18
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model has a person developed an internalized Black racial identity and become committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression

A

Stage 5: Internalization - Committment

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19
Q

Cross’ Identity Development Models

list Cross’ 3 identity development models, the author(s), & the year each model was published

A
  1. (initial) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
  2. (revised versions) Nigrescence Model - Revised (Cross, 1991)
  3. Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)
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20
Q

Cross’ Identity Development Models

how do Cross’ original & revised models differ from one another

A
  • reduced the number of stages from 5 to 4
  • combined Stage 4 (Internalization) and Stage 5 (Internalization - Committment)

Second Revision
* Van & Cross reduced the number of stages from 4 to 3 & changed the name to the Black Racial Identity Development Model

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21
Q

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)

how does Cross’ (1991) Nigrescence Model differ from Cross & Vandiver’s (2001) Black Racial Identity Development Model

A
  • the Black Racial Identity Development Model has 3 (instead of 4) stages
  • each stage includes multiple identity subtypes
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22
Q

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)

list the 3 stages and associated subtypes for each stage

A

1. Pre-Encounter
* assimilation
* miseducation
* self-hatred

2. Immersion - Emersion
* intense Black involvement
* anti-white

3. Internalization
* Black nationalist
* biculturalist
* multiculturist

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23
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

list the 2 phases of identity development

A
  1. abandonment of racism
  2. defining a non-racist white identity
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24
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

list the 3 stasuses for Phase 1: Abandonment of Racism

A
  1. Contact
  2. Disintegration
  3. Reintegration
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25
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

list the 3 statuses of Phase 2: Defining a Non-Racist White Identity

A
  1. Pseudo - Independence
  2. Immersion - Emersion
  3. Autonomy
26
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

characteristics of the Contact Stage

A
  • lack of awareness of racism
  • satisfaction with the racial status quo
  • limited contact with people from racial & cultural minority groups
  • may describe self as “colorblind”
27
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

characteristics of the Disintegration Stage

A
  • increased awareness of race
  • race related moral conflicts
  • may experience confusion & anxiety

(e.g., conflict between the belief that all people are created equal VS. their unwillingness to live in an integrated neighborhood)

28
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

characteristics of the Reintegration Stage

A
  • attempt to resolve moral conflicts by accepting dominant ideology of white supremacy & minority inferiority

(e.g., may blame minority group members for their own problems)

29
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

characteristics of the Pseudo - Independence Stage

A
  • significant event makes them question their beliefs about whites & members of minority groups
  • superficial tolerance of minority group members & paternalistic attitudes/behaviors that perpetuate racism
30
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

characteristics of the Immersion - Emersion Stage

A
  • awareness of white privilege & own racial biases
  • interest in combating racism

(may search for an understanding of what it means to be white & to benefit from white privilege)

31
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

characteristics of the Autonomy Stage

A
  • develop a non-racist white identity
  • hold positive attitudes toward & value diversity

(can explore issues related to race & racism without defensiveness)

32
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

list the 6 stages & the associated information processing strategy

A

1. Contact
* IPS: obliviousness

2. Disintegration
* IPS: suppression & ambivalence

3. Reintegration
* IPS: selective perception & negative out-group distortion

4. Pseudo - Independence
* IPS: reshaping reality & selective perception

5. Immersion - Emersion
* IPS: hypervigilence & reshaping

6. Autonomy
* IPS: flexibility & complexity

33
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

According to Helms, a progressive therapist-client relationship occurs when?

A

when the therapist has a more integrated & flexible racial identity than the client

34
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

instead of describing stages of Black racial identity development, this model proposes that a person’s racial identity may vary…

A

across time & situations

35
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

list the 4 dimensions of racial identity

A
  1. Racial Salience
  2. Racial Centrality
  3. Racial Regard
  4. Racial Ideology
36
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Racial Salience Dimension

A
  • extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of their self-concept at a particular point in time & in a particular situation

may be more salient when witnessing or experiencing discriminatory behavior OR when they are the only Black person in a social setting

37
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Racial Centrality Dimension

A
  • extent to which a person normatively defines themselves in terms of race & is affected by the importance of race relative to other identities the person may hold, such as gender & religion
  • in contrast to salience, centrality is relatively stable across situations

for some Black/AA women, gender may be more important than race, whereas for others the opposite may be true

38
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Racial Regard Dimension

A
  • private regard - the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward Black/AA & how positively or negatively they feel about being Black/AA
  • pubilc regard - the extent to which a person feels others view Black/AA positively or negatively

not necessarily realted (e.g., a person may have positive private and negative public regard)

39
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Racial Ideology Dimension

A
  • a person’s beliefs & opinions about the ways Black/AA should live & interact with society
40
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

list the 4 racial ideologies

A
  1. Nationalist
  2. Oppressed
  3. Assimilationist
  4. Humanist
41
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Nationalist Ideology

A
  • view AA experience as unique
  • believe AA should control their own destinies with minimal input from other groups
42
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Oppressed Ideology

A
  • emphasize the similarities of oppression between Black/AA & other minority groups
  • interested in forming coalitions with other groups
43
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Assimilationist Ideology

A
  • emphasize similarities between Black/AA & the rest of American society
  • believe that Black/AA should work within the system to change it
44
Q

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)

characteristics of the Humanist Ideology

A
  • emphasize similarities of all humans
  • give race low centrality
  • more concerned with issues facing the human race

e.g., peace, poverty, & climate change

45
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

list the 4 stages of identity development

A
  1. Sensitization
  2. Identity Confusion
  3. Identity Assumption
  4. Identity Commitment
46
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

characteristics of the Sensitization Stage

A
  • childhood
  • feeling different from same-sex peers
47
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

According to Troiden’s (1998) Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development, a young girl who says she’s not as feminine or as pretty as other girls is most likely to be in what stage of identity development?

A

Sensitization

48
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

According to Troiden’s (1998) Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development, a young boy who is more interested in art & reading than sports is most likely to be in what stage of identity development?

A

Sensitization

49
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

characteristics of the Identity Confusion Stage

A
  • middle or late adolescence
  • feeling sexually attracted to same-sex people
  • suspect they’re gay
  • uncertainty & anxiety
  • denial, avoidance, attempts to change (repair)
  • viewing homosexuality as a phase (redefinition)
  • acceptance
50
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

characteristics of the Identity Assumption Stage

A
  • males: usually between 19 and 21 years old
  • females: usually between 21 and 23 years old
  • beginning to accept a gay identity
  • seek out social & sexual relationships with gays
  • disclose their sexual orientation to gay peers & adults
  • may also disclose to some heterosexual family members/friends
51
Q

Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)

characteristics of the Identity Commitment Stage

A
  • internalize/accept gay identity & homosexuality as a way of life
  • comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals, incl. family, friends, coworkers
52
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

list 2 interacting processes

A
  1. an individual sexual identity process
  2. a social sexual identity process
53
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

list the 5 sexual identity statuses

A
  1. Unexplored Commitment
  2. Activve Exploration
  3. Diffusion
  4. Deepening & Commitment
  5. Synthesis
54
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

characteristics of the Unexplored Commitment Sexual Identity Status

A
  • a sexual identity that reflects micro- & macrosocial mandates for acceptable gender roles & sexual behavior
    • microsocial mandates = familial
    • macrosocial mandates = societal
  • potential avoidance of sexual self-exploration
55
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

characteristics of the Active Exploration Sexual Identity Status

A
  • purposeful exploration, evaluation, or experimentation of one’s sexual needs, values, orientation,
  • exploring preferences for activities, partner characteristics, or modes of sexual expression
56
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

characteristics of the Diffusion Sexual Identity Status

A
  • an absence of active exploration & commitment

may be confused about many aspects of identtiy, not just sexual identity

57
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

characteristics of the Deepening & Commitment Sexual Identity Status

A
  • moving toward greater commitment to one’s identified sexual identity

(e.g., needs, values, sexual orientation, and/or preferences for activities, partner characteristics, & modes of sexual expression)

58
Q

Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)

characteristics of the Synthesis Sexual Identity Status

A
  • integration of one’s sexual identity with other identities, such as gender, race, ethnicity)
59
Q

Research: Identity Development

Konik & Stewart’s (2004) study comparing heterosexual-identified & sexual-minority-identified individuals found participants’ descriptions of their sexual identities differed how?

A

sexual-minority-identified participants described their sexual identities as more salient & sexual identity development as a more effortful process than did heterosexual-identified participants

60
Q

Research: Identity Development

Konik & Stewart’s (2004) study comparing heterosexual-identified & sexual-minority-identified individuals found that heterosexual-identified participants obtained (higher/lower) scores on less advanced stages of global identity development. What did this suggest?

A
  • higher scores on less advanced stages
  • suggested these participants experienced identity foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion
61
Q

Research: Identity Development

Konik & Stewart’s (2004) found that sexual-minority-identified individuals obtained higher scores on global identity achievement. What does this finding suggest?

A

developing a sexual-minority identity may facilitate the successful development of other aspects of identity, such as race/ethnicity, gender, etc.

Clinical Psychology (6 decks)

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