Cognitive Behavioral Therapies Flashcards
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
CBT is an evidence-based treatment for what disorders
- depression
- anxiety
- bipolar disorder
- anorexia & bulimia
- schizophrenia
- OCD
- PTSD
- & as an adjunct treatment for chronic pain
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
evidence suggest that for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, CBT is useful for what outcomes, especially if provided early in the course of the disease
- reducing comorbid depression & anxiety
- improving coping skills & self-efficacy
- reducing pain intensity & fatigue
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
CBT
1) assumption(s)
2) key terms
1) psychological disturbance is due largely to maladaptive cognitive schemas, automatic thoughts, & cognitive distortions
2) key terms:
* cognitive schemas:
* automatic thoughts:
* cognitive distortions:
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
a practitioner of CBT might say that this term refers to core beliefs that develop during childhood as a result of experience & certain biological factors such as reactivity to stress
cognitive schemas
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
a practitioner of CBT might say this term refers to verbal self-statements or mental images that come to mind spontaneously when triggered by circumstances… [and] intercede between an event or stimulus and the individual’s emotional & behavrioal reactions
automatic thoughts
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
a practitioner of CBT might say this term refers to systematic erros in reasoning that often affect thinking when a stressful situation triggers a dysfunctional schema that, in turn, affecfts the content of automatic thoughts
cognitive disortions
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
according to Beck, these are enduring, can be maladaptive or adaptive, and are revealed in automatic thoughts
schemas
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
according to Beck, different disorders are associated with different… ?
maladaptive schemas (aka cognitive profiles)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
a practitioner of CBT might say these types of thoughts are characterized by a distortion of reality, emotional distress, and/or interference with the pursuit of life goals & can contribute to psychological distress
negative automatic thoughts
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
a practitioner of CBT might ask a client, who presents with negative self-talk, to complete this outside of therapy whenever they feel their mood worsening
Dysfunctional Thought Record (DTR)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the 6 components of a Dysfunctional Thought Record
- the event or situation that lead to an unpleasant emotion
- the automatic thoughts that preceded the emotion
- the type of emotion
- the emotion’s intensity on a sacel from 0 to 100
- an alternative rational response to the automatic thought
- the outcome (the emotion and any change in behavior elicited by the rational response)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the 5 common cognitive distortions according to Beck
1) arbitrary inference
2) selective abstraction
3) dichotomous thinking
4) personalization
5) emotional reasoning
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this is a type of cognitive disortion that involves drawing negative conclusions without any supporting evidence
arbitrary inference
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this is a type of cognitive distortion that involves paying attention to & exaggerating a minor negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects of the situation
selective abstraction
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this is a type of cognitive distortion referring to the tendency to classify events as respresenting one of 2 extremes, e.g., as a success or a failure
dichotomous thinking
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this is a type of cognitive disortion that involves concluding that one’s actions caused an external event without evidence for that conclusion
personalization
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this is a type of cognitive distortion that refers to a reliance on one’s emotional state to draw conclusion about oneself, others, and situations
emotional reasoning
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the 2 primary goals of CBT
1) to correct faulty information processing
2) to help patients modify assumptions that maintain maladaptive beahviors & emotions
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this is an essential feature of CBT and refers to a collaborative therapeutic alliance in which therapist and client become coinvestigators as they examine the evidence to accept, support, reevaluate, or reject the client’s thoughts, assumptions, intentions, & beliefs
collaborative empiricism
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
characteristics CBT therapists & types of techniques used
- active
- structured
- use of a variety of cognitive & behavioral techniques
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list 3 cognitive techniques used by practitioners of CBT
1) redefining the problem
2) reattribution
3) decatastrophizing
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list 4 behavioral techniques used by practitioners of CBT
1) activity scheduling
2) behavioral rehearsal
3) exposure therapy
4) guided imagery
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this technique/feature of CBT involves asking the client questions that are designed to clarify & define the client’s problems, identify the thoughts & assumptions that underlie those problems, & evaluate the consequences of maintaining maladaptive thoughts & assumptions
Socractic dialogue
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
1) assumptions
2) key terms & concepts
1) psychological disturbances are irrational beliefs, which tend to be “absolute (or dogmatic) and are expressed in the form of “must’s,” “should’s,” “‘ought’s,” “have to’s,” etc. … and lead to negative emotions that largely interfere with goal pursuit & attainment
2) key terms & concepts
* irrational beliefs
* A-B-C-D-E model
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
describe Ellis’ A-B-C-D-E model of REBT
1) Activating event
2) irrational Belief about that event
3) emotional or behavioral Consequence of that belief
4) the therapist’s use of techniques that Dispute the client’s irrational belief
5) the Effect of these techniques, which is the replacement of the irrational belief with a more rational one
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list 4 techniques used by practitioners of REBT
- active disputation of irrational beliefs
- rational-emotive imagery
- systematic desensitization
- skills training
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
research suggests that REBT is an effective treatment for what disorders
- depression
- anxiety
- conduct problems
- anger
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this cognitive-behavioral approach, initially developed to teach problem-solving skills to children with high levels of impulsivity, consists of 5 stages: cognitive modeling stage, overt external guidance stage, over self-guidance stage, faded overt guidance stage, and covert self-instruction stage
self-instructional training
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this stage of self-instructional training, children observe a model perform a task while the model verbalizes instructions aloud
cognitive modeling stage
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this stage of self-instructional training, children perform the same task while the model verbalizes the instructions
overt external guidance stage
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this stage of self-instructional training, children perform the task while verbalizing the instructions aloud themselves
overt self-guidance stage
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this stage of self-instructional training, children perform the task while whispering the instructions
faded overt guidance stage
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this stage of self-instructional training, children perform the task while repeating the instructions subvocally
covert self-instruction stage
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
according to self-instructional training, the instructions used throughout the 5 stages address these 4 skills
1) idenfiying the nature of the task
2) focusing attention on the task & behaviors needed to complete it
3) providing self-reinforcement that sustains appropriate behavior
4) evaluating performance & correcting errors
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on improving the ability of clients to deal better with ongoing & future stressful situations by teaching them effective coping skills and consists of 3 phases: conceptualization/education phase, skills acquisition & consolidation phase, & follow-through phase
stress inoculation training
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this phase of stress inoculation training, clients are provided with information about stress and its effects and are encouraged to view stressful situations as “problems-to-be-solved”
conceptualization/education
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this phase of stress inoculation training, clients learn a variety of cognitive & behavioral coping skills which may include relaxation, self-instruction, & problem-solving
skills acquisition & consolidation phase
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
during this phase of stress inoculation training, clients use newly acquired coping skills, first in imagined & role-playing situations and then in real life situations
follow-through phase
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy
1) assumptions
2) key terms & concepts
1) psychological pain is both universal and normal and is part of what makes us human and psychological inflexibility causes psychological problems and is characterized by “rigid dominance of psychological reactions over chosen values & contingencies in guiding action”
2) key terms & concepts
* clean vs. dry pain
* experiential acceptance
* cognitive defusion
* awareness of self-as-context
* values-based actions
* committed action
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
according to ACT, this type of pain refers to natural levels of physical & psychological discomfort that are inevitable and cannot be controlled
clean pain (aka clean discomfort)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
according to ACT, this type of pain refers to the emotional suffering that’s caused by attempts to control or resist the other type of pain
dirty pain (aka dirty discomfort)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the main goal of ACT
to increase psychological flexibility, which involves addressing 6 core processes that foster acceptance, mindfulness, commitment, and behavior change & counter the processes that contribute to psychological inflexibility
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the 6 core processes that foster acceptance, mindfulness, commitment, & behavior change
1) experiential acceptance
2) cognitive defusion
3) being present
4) awareness of self-as-context
5) values based actions
6) committed action
experience being cogntively aware (and) committed (to) values (and) actions
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this core process of ACT is “the active and aware embrace of private experiences withouth unnecessary attempts to change their frequency or form
experiential acceptance
counters experiential avoidance
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this core process of ACT is the ability to distance oneself from one’s thoughts & feelings and view them as experiences rather than reality
cognitive defusion
counters cognitive fusion
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this core process of ACT involves being in contact with whatever is happening in the present moment
being present
counters attentional rigidity to the past and future
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this core process of ACT is the ability to view oneself as the context in which one’s thoughts & feelings occur rather than as the thought & feelings themselves
awareness of self-as-context
counters attachment to the conceptualized self
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this core process of ACT depend on the ability to use one’s freely chosen values to guide one’s behaviors
values-based actions
counters unclear, compliant, or avoidant motives
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this core process of ACT refers to a commitment to continue to act in ways consistent with one’s values in the future, even when faced with obstacles
committed action
counters inaction, impulsivity, and avoidant persistence
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list 3 ACT interventions that target the 6 core processes
- metaphors
- mindfulness strategies
- experiential exercises
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
ACT is considered an evidence-based treatment for what disorders
- chronic pain
- psychosis
- depression
- anxiety
- OCD
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
these interventions refers to “moment-to-moment awareness of one’s experience without judgment” and has been incorporated into several therapeutic approachs, including ACT and DBT
mindfulness-based interventions
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list 2 types of mindfulness-based therapeutic approaches
1) mindfulness-based stress reduction
2) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this mindfulness-based therapeutic approach helps people cope with stress, pain, and illness and consists of an 8-session group program that focuses on teaching participants several mindfulness meditation practices, including awareness of breathing, yoga, & walking meditation
mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this mindfulness-based approach combines elements of CBT and adopts the primary goal of enabling clients to become self-aware, so they can learn to de-center from distressing thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, & behvaiors.
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list 3 interventions commonly used in MBCT
- psychoeducation
- mindfulness meditation practices
- cognitive-behavioral techniques
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
a frequently cited systematic review & meta-analysis of mindfulness-based interventions, Gu et al. (2015), found the following…
1) consistent & strong support for decreased emotional & cognitive reactivity as the change mechanism
2) moderate support for increased mindfulness & decreased rumination/worry
3) insufficient support for increased self-compassion & psychological flexibility
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention approach was designed to prevent repeat suicide attempts by adults who recently attempted suicide
Wenzel, Brown, & Beck’s (2009) cognitive therapy for suicide prevention (CT-SP)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention approach developed for active-duty members of the military & incorporates many of the elements of CT-SP
Bryan & Rudd’s (2018) brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (BCBT)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the 3 foci in Bryan & Rudd’s (2018) brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (BCBT)
1) emotion regulation
2) cognitive flexibility
3) relapse prevention
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention approach was developed for adolescents who recently attempted suicide & combines elements of CBT and DBT
Stanley et al.’s (2009) cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this phase of Stanley et al.’s (2009) CBT-SP approach consists of chain analysis (identification of events that led to the suicide attempt, safety planning, psychoeducation, addressing reasons for living, & case conceptualization
acute phase
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
this phase of Stanley et al.’s (2009) CBT-SP approach focuses on generalizing & consolidating behavioral and cognitive skills & relapse prevention
continuation phase
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
list the 6 steps included in Stanley and Brown’s (2012) safety planning intervention
1) warning signs
2) internal coping strategies (e.g., going for a walk, reading a book)
3) using social contacts as a means of distraction or support
4) contacting family or friends who may help resolve the crisis
5) contacting mental health professionals or agencies
6) reducing access to lethal means
Cognitive-Behavior Therapies
evidence suggests that CBT therapies are an effective means of suicide prevention that reduce these 4 clinical concerns, regardless of these 3 factors
clinical concerns
1) suicidal ideation
2) suicide attempts
3) feelings of hopelessness
4) sxs of depression
factors
1) a person’s gender
2) severity of suicide
3) number of suicide attempts
