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Cross-Cultural Issues - Terms & Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

Sue (2006) proposed that worldview is affected by what?

A

culture

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2
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

Sue (2006) proposed that worldview can be described in terms of what 2 dimensions?

A
  1. locus of control
  2. locus of responsibility
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3
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

according to Sue’s (2006) dimensions of control & responsibility, list the 4 types of people

A
  1. internal control - internal responsibility (IC-IR)
  2. internal control - external responsibility
  3. external control - external responsibility (EC-ER)
  4. external control - internal responsibility
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4
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

characteristics of a person with an internal locus of control & internal locus of responsibility

A

believe they are:
* in control of their own outcomes
* responsible for their own successess & failures

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5
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

characteristics of a person with an internal locus of control & external locus of responsibility

A

believe they could determine their own outcomes if given the chance but that others are responsible for keeping them from doing so

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6
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

characteristics of a person with an external locus of control & an external locus of responsibility

A

believe they have little to no control over their own outcomes & are not responsible for them

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7
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

characteristics of a person with an external locus of control & an internal locus of responsibility

A

believe they
* have little control of their own outcomes
* but tend to take responsibility for their own failures

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8
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

which control - responsibility type is characteristic of mainstream American culture?

A

internal control - internal responsibility

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9
Q

Terms & Concepts: Worldview

which control - responsibility type is likely to be most challenging for a white therapist who has an IC-IR worldview to work with? Why?

A
  • internal control - external responsibility

these clients are likely:
* to view the therapist & therapy as sources of oppression
* to be reluctant to self-disclose, to want to take an active role in therapy, and to seek action & accountability from a more privileged therapist

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10
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

list the 4 acculturation strategies & the associated characteristics, according to Berry (1990)

A
  1. Integration - retain own minority culture & adopt majority culture
  2. Assimilation - reject own minority culture & adopt majority culture
  3. Separation - retain own minorty culture & reject majority culture
  4. Marginalization - reject both their own minority culture & majority culture
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11
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

define acculturative stress, according to Berry (1990)

A

occurs when individuals facing significant problems related to acculturation that cannot be easily or quickly resolved

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12
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

according to Berry (1990), people who adopt which acculturation strategy tend to experience the least acculturative stress?

A

Integration

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13
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

according to Berry (1990), people who adopt which acculturation strategy tend to experience the most acculturative stress?

A

Marginalization

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14
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

list 2 factors that affect the acculturation process according to Berry (1990)

A
  1. cultural distance
  2. cultural fit
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15
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

according to Berry (1990), a term referring to differences in the culture of an immigrant’s home country & the culture lof the host country (e.g., language, core values & beliefs, government, legal system, etc.)

A

cultural distance

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16
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

according to Berry (1990), a term referring to the degree to which an immmigrant’s personality & other personal attribures are similar to the cultural values & norms of the host country

A

cultural fit

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17
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation

according to Berry (1990), a large cultural distance is associated with an (increased/decreased) likelihood of experiencing acculturative stress

A

increased

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18
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

list the 2 types of paranoia Ridley (2005) proposed

A
  1. Functional Paranoia
  2. Healthy Cultural Paranoia
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19
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

characteristics of Functional Paranoia

A
  • unhealthy psychological condition
  • involves pervasive suspicion & distrust
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20
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Ridley (2005), an ethnic minority client who is unwilling to disclose personal information to an ethnic minority or white therapist is experiencing which type of paranoia?

A

Functional Paranoia

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21
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

characteristics of Healthy Cultural Paranoia

A
  • suspicion & distrust as a normal reaction to prejudice & discrimination
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22
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Ridley (2005), an ethnic minority client who is willing to self-disclose to an ethnic minority, but unwilling to self-disclose to a white therapist unless certain conditions are met is experiencing which type of paranoia?

A

Healthy Cultural Paranoia

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23
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Ridley (2005), to attend to Healthy Cultural Paranoia, what conditions does a white therapist need to meet?

A
  • discuss the meaning of cutural paranoia with the client
  • encourage the client to distinguish between when it is and is NOT safe to self-disclose
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24
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

define internalized racism

aka internalized racial oppression

A

occurs when a person accepts society’s negative beliefs & stereotypes related to their own racial group

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25
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

define colorism

aka color consciousness

A
  • a form of internalized racism
  • discrimination within a racial group based primarily on skin hue or color &. may also include other physical characteristics such as hair texture & eye color
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26
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

give an example of colorism in the U.S.

A
  • preference for lighter skin over darker skin within a community of color
  • use of skin-lightening products among people of color
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27
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

describe autoplastic interventions

A
  • focus on making changes in the client so that they can successfully adapt to the environment
  • individualistic interventions aimed at helping a client gain insight into their problems OR change their behavior
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28
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

describe alloplastic interventions

A
  • focus on altering the environment or situation to fit a client’s needs, desires, or other attributes
  • e.g., removing oneself from a stressful work environment by changing jobs
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29
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

define cultural encapsulation according to Wrenn (1962)

A

the inability of some mental health professionals to work effectively with members of different cultural backgrounds

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30
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Wrenn (1962), describe characteristics of a culturally encapsulated mental health therapist

A
  • insensitive to cultural differences
  • believe their own cultural assumptions apply to people from all cultural backgrounds
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31
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

define cultural tightness-looseness according to Gelfand et al. (2012)

A

the strength of a culture’s social norms & tolerance for deviant behaviors

32
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

characteristics of tight cultures according to Gelfand et al. (2012)

A
  • strong social norms
  • low tolerance for deviant behaviors
33
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

characteristics of loose cultures according to Gelfand et al. (2012)

A
  • weak social norms
  • high tolerance for deviant behaviors
34
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Gelfand et al. (2012) what 2 types of challenges is tightness - looseness related to?

A

historically encountered ecological & human-made challenges

35
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

historical considerations for tight cultures according to Gelfand et al. (2012) & why

A
  • high population density
  • greater vulnerability to natural disasters & disease
  • scarcity of resources

*need strong norms & punishments for deviant behaviors to ensure survival

36
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are 3 “tightest” countries in the world?

A
  1. Pakistan
  2. Malaysia
  3. India
37
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 “loosest” countries in the world?

A
  1. Estonia
  2. Hungary
  3. Israel
38
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 “tightest” states in the U.S.?

A
  1. Mississippi
  2. Alabama
  3. Arkansas
39
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 “loosest” states in the U.S.?

A
  1. California
  2. Oregon
  3. Washington
40
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Gelfand et al. (2012), how do individuals in tight and loose cultures differ?

A

tight cultures
* greater conformity to social norms
* a tendency to engage in risk avoidance behaviors
* preference for stability

loose cultures
* greater willingness to act in ways that deviate from social norms
* greater willingness to engage in risk-taking & innovative behaviors
* greater openness to change

41
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

connections between Big 5 Personality Types & individuals in tight VS. loose cultures, according to Harrington & Gelfand (2014)

A

tight cultures
* higher conscientiousness
* lower openness to experience

loose cultures (opposite)
* lower conscientiousness
* higher openness to experience

42
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Verkuyten (2016), what is the Integration Paradox

A

higher-status immigrants (more educated & economically successful) are more likely than lower-status immigrants to report experiencing discrimination & disrespect AND less likely to identify with & have positive attitudes toward mainstream society

43
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

possible explanations for the Integration Paradox according to Schaeffer & Kas (2023)

A

higher-status immigrants
* have greater access to mainstream society
* are more likely to encounter discrimination
* have more sophisticated cognitive abilities & thus, are more aware of discrimination & are more likely to interpret their experiences in terms of discrimination

44
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Hall (1976), what is High-Context Communication

A

communication that relies heavily on group understanding, nonverbal messages, & the context in which the communication occurs

characteristic of several cultural minority groups

45
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Hall (1976), what is Low-Context Communication

A

communication that relies on the verbal message, is independent of context

characteristic of white (mainstream) culture

46
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Sue (2006), the fact that Black/AA communicate more by high-context cues has led many to characterize them how?

A
  • nonverbal
  • inarticulate
  • unintelligent
47
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

what is the own-race bias (ORB)

aka other-race effect & cross-race effect

A

the tendency of people to more accurately perceive & identify the faces of individuals of their own race than the faces of individuals of other races

researchers have identified similar own-age & own-gender biases (Wright & Stroud, 2002; Wright & Sladden, 2003)

48
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003)

A
  • explains the increased risk for mental health problems among sexual-minority individuals (SMI)
  • proposes that SMI experience chronic stressors related to stigmatization that increases their vulnerability to mental health problems
49
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

according to Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003), how do proximal & distal minority stress processes differ

A

proximal
* occur within the person
* include concealment, fear of rejection, & internalized heterosexism

distal
* external to the person
* include verbal & physical harassment, prejudice, & discrimination

50
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

examples of credibility in some cultures

A
  • age
  • gender
51
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

define gift giving according to Sue & Zane (2009)

A

the direct benefits that a client perceives they receive from therapy

52
Q

Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts

give examples of gift giving according to Sue & Zane (2009)

A
  • providing reassurance & a sense of hope
  • normalizing the client’s feelings
  • using interventions that reduce the client’s depression & anxiety
53
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment

examples of how a therapist might adapt interventions to be culturally appropriate

A

incorporating content that’s culturally appropriate & relevant
* e.g., issues related acculturation, racism, religion & spirituality, etc.

altering the format & delivery of treatment so that it’s culturally compatible
* e.g., delivering treatment in a client’s native language, adopting a culturally compatible interpersonal syle, & including indigenous healers in the delivery of treatment

54
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment

Blakely et al. (1987) found that adaptations to treatment are more effective when they involve what, instead of replacing a component of an intervention

A

involve adding features to an intervention

55
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment

Griner & Smith (2006) found that culturally adapted interventions are most beneficial for what clients? Examples?

A
  • those who have the greatest need for them

e.g., clients who are not fluent in English or clients with low levels of acculturation

56
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

when working with AA clients, what should therapists keep in mind)

A

a) client’s cultural identity, level of acculturation, & worldview
b) racism & other environmental factors may be contributing to the client’s presenting concerns
c) client’s extended kinship network is likely to inclue immediate & extended family members, friends, members of their church & community
d) roles within AA families are often flexible & male-female relationsihps tend to be egalitarian
e) empowerment by helping the client acquire problem-solving & decision-making skills

57
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

what interventions do AA tend to prefer?

A
  • an egalitarian therapeutic relationship
  • a time-limited, problem-solving approach
  • a multisystems approach - including the client. their immediate & extended family, nonblood relatives & friends, church & community members, & social service agencies
58
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

when working with American Indian client, what should therapists keep in mind?

A

a) possible environmental contributors to presenting problems (e.g., discrimination, poverty, acculturation conflicts)
b) American Indians often adhere to a collateral social system that incorporates family, community, & tribe
c) cooperation, sharing, & generosity are important cultura values
d) the interests of the family & tribe take priority over interests of the individual
d) American Indians are likely to regard wellness as depending on the harmony of mind, body, & spirit and illness as the result of disharmony
e) tend to:
* place more emphasis on nonverbal than verbal communication
* consider listening to be more important than talking
* view direct eye contact as a sign of disrespect
* view a firm handshake as a sign of aggression

59
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

considerations for the therapeutic relationship when working with American Indian clients

A
  • prefer a collaborative r/s
  • build trust by demonstrating familiarity with & respect for the client’s culture and admitting any lack of knowledge
  • American Indian clients prefer a problem-solving, client-centered approach that incorporates their vlaues & traditional healers
  • avoid highly directive techniques
  • recommendations: using network therapy may help empower clients to cope with life stresses by mobilizing relatives, friends, & tribal members to provide support & encouragement
60
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

when working with Hispanic/Latino Americans, what should therapists keep in mind?

A

a) often express their presenting problems as somatic complaints
b) consider client’s religious & spiritual beliefs in assessment, diagnoses, & treatment decisions
c) tend to emphasize family welfare over individual welfare
d) families may be patriarchal & stress machismo & marianismo

61
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

therapy preferences of Hispanic/Latino Americans

A
  • formal style in initial sessions
  • more personal style in subsequent sessions
  • prefer CBT, solution-focused, family & group therapy
  • treatment may be more effective when it incorporates cuento therapy (the use of folktales to present models of adaptive behavior) and dichos (the use of proverbs & idiomatic expressions to help clients express their feelings)
62
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

when working with Asian American clients, what should therapists keep in mind?

A

a) differences in acculturation within families may be a source of conflict
b) often have a holistic view of mind & body
c) often express psychological problems as somatic complaints
d) families tend to be hierarchical & patriarchal, adhere to traditional gender roles, & emphasize family needs over individual needs
e) fear of losing face & shame are powerful motivators & may affect their willingness to discuss personal problems & express emotions

63
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

therapy preferences of Asian American clients

A
  • formal syle throughout treatment
  • periods of silence & avoidance of eye contact are expressions of respect & politeness
  • prefer CBT & other brief structured goal-oriented, problem-focused approaches
  • prefer focus on family over individual
  • likely to expect therapist to be a knowledgeable expert who gives advice & suggests specific courses of action
  • encourage their participation in identifying goals & solutions to their problems
64
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

LGBTQ men & women are how many times more likely than heterosexual men & women to experience mental health problems? What are the most common mental health disorders among LGBTQ populations?

A
  • more than 2x as likely
  • anxiety, depression, & substance misuse
65
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

research suggests that (gay, lesbian, or bisexual) individuals have more mental health problems?

A

bisexual

66
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

(gay men/lesbian women) utilize mental health services at higher rates

A

gay men

67
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

bisexual (men/women) utilize mental health services at higher rates

A

neither; utilization rates among bisexual men & women are similar

68
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

characteristics of the optimal type of therapy for LGBTQ clients

A
  • providing affirming therapy (integration of knowledge & awareness of the unique & cultural aspects of LGBTQ individuals)
69
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

considerations when using CBT with LGBTQ clients

A
  • distinguish between maladaptive thoughts & thoughts that refelct a normal response to stigmatization & discrimination
70
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

list the 5 sexual identity milestones according to Bishop et al. (2020)

A
  1. awareness of same-sex attraction
  2. self-identification as LGB
  3. same-sex sexual behavior
  4. disclosure as a sexual minority to a straight friend
  5. disclosure as a sexual minority to a family member
71
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+

according to the California Quality of Life survey, (gay men/lesbian women) were more likely to report having MDD or GAD after recently disclosing their sexual identity

A

gay men

lesbian women were less likely to report having MDD after recently disclosing their sexual identtiy

71
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults

what are the most common mental health diagnoses among older adults

A

anxiety & depression

71
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults

how do symptoms of depression differ between older VS. younger adults

A
  • older adults are more likely to complain about physical & cognitive symptoms than emotional distress
    (e.g., frequent headaches, increased pain, changes in appetite, tiredness, low energy, & impaired memory & concentration rather than sadness)
  • more likely to report irritability, insomnia, weight loss, & other symptoms associated with anxiety
71
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults

treatment considerations when working with older adults

A
  • may respond more slowly to therapy
  • may benefit most when treatment is tailored to their cognitive, sensory, & physical needs
71
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults

according to APA guidelines for practice with older adults, give some examples of how to modify treatment/interventions to increase therapeutic effectiveness

A
  • shortening sessions
  • increasing the number of sessions
  • accommodating hearing loss by reducing ambient noise
  • addressing physical illness, grief, cognitive decline, & other problems that are experienced more often by older adults
71
Q

Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults

according to APA guidelines for practice with older adults, what types of approaches are more effective for depression?

A
  • CBT
  • reminiscence therapy
72
Q
A

Clinical Psychology (6 decks)

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