Cross-Cultural Issues - Terms & Concepts Flashcards
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
Sue (2006) proposed that worldview is affected by what?
culture
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
Sue (2006) proposed that worldview can be described in terms of what 2 dimensions?
- locus of control
- locus of responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
according to Sue’s (2006) dimensions of control & responsibility, list the 4 types of people
- internal control - internal responsibility (IC-IR)
- internal control - external responsibility
- external control - external responsibility (EC-ER)
- external control - internal responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibility type believe they are in control of their own outcomes & responsible for their own successes & failures
internal locus of control & internal locus of responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibilty type believes they could determine their own outcomes if given the chance, but others are responsible for keeping them from doing so
internal locus of control & external locus of responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibility type believes they have little control of their own outcomes & are not responsible for them
external locus of control & an external locus of responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibility type believe they have little control over their own outcomes but tend to take responsibility for their own failures
external locus of control & an internal locus of responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
which control - responsibility type is characteristic of mainstream American culture?
internal control - internal responsibility
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
which control - responsibility type is likely to be most challenging for a white therapist who has an IC-IR worldview to work with? Why?
- internal control - external responsibility
these clients are likely:
* to view the therapist & therapy as sources of oppression
* to be reluctant to self-disclose, to want to take an active role in therapy, and to seek action & accountability from a more privileged therapist
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will retain own minority culture & adopt majority culture
Integration
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will reject own minority culture & adopt majority culture
Assimilation
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will retain own minority culture & reject majority culture
Separation
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will reject both own minority culture & majority culture
marginalization
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), this occurs when individuals face significant problems related to acculturation that cannot be easily or quickly resolved
acculturative stress
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), people who adopt which acculturation strategy tend to experience the least acculturative stress?
Integration
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), people who adopt which acculturation strategy tend to experience the most acculturative stress?
Marginalization
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
list 2 factors that affect the acculturation process according to Berry (1990)
- cultural distance
- cultural fit
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), a term referring to differences in the culture of an immigrant’s home country & the culture of the host country (e.g., language, core values & beliefs, government, legal system, etc.)
cultural distance
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), a term referring to the degree to which an immmigrant’s personality & other personal attribures are similar to the cultural values & norms of the host country
cultural fit
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), a large cultural distance is associated with an (increased/decreased) likelihood of experiencing acculturative stress
increased
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
list the 2 types of paranoia Ridley (2005) proposed
- Functional Paranoia
- Healthy Cultural Paranoia
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this type of paranoia is characterized by unhealthy psychological condition and involves pervasive suspicion & distrust
Functional Paranoia
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Ridley (2005), an ethnic minority client who is unwilling to disclose personal information to an ethnic minority or white therapist is experiencing which type of paranoia?
Functional Paranoia
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this type of paranoia is characterized by suspicion & distrust as a normal reaction to prejudice & discrimination
Healthy Cultural Paranoia
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Ridley (2005), an ethnic minority client who is willing to self-disclose to an ethnic minority, but unwilling to self-disclose to a white therapist unless certain conditions are met is experiencing which type of paranoia?
Healthy Cultural Paranoia
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Ridley (2005), to attend to Healthy Cultural Paranoia, what conditions does a white therapist need to meet?
- discuss the meaning of cutural paranoia with the client
- encourage the client to distinguish between when it is and is NOT safe to self-disclose
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this term refers to when a person accepts society’s negative beliefs & stereotypes related to their own racial group
internalized racism
aka internalized racial oppression
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this is a form of internalized racism and involves discrimination within a racial group based primarily on skin hue or color & may also include other physical characteristics such as hair texture & eye color
aka color consciousness
colorism
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
give an example of colorism in the U.S.
- preference for lighter skin over darker skin within a community of color
- use of skin-lightening products among people of color
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this is an individualistic type of intervention aimed at helping a client gain insight into their problems OR change their behavior and focuses on making changes in the cient so that they can successfully adapt to the environment
autoplastic interventions
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this type of intervention focuses on altering the environment or situation to fit a client’s needs, desires, or other attributes (e.g., removing oneself from a stressful work environment by changing jobs)
alloplastic interventions
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Wrenn (1962), this is the inability of some mental health professionals to work effectively with members of different cultural backgrounds
cultural encapsulation
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Wrenn (1962), describe characteristics of a culturally encapsulated mental health therapist
- insensitive to cultural differences
- believe their own cultural assumptions apply to all people regardless of cultural backgrounds
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), this is the strength of a culture’s social norms & tolerance for deviant behaviors
cultural tightness-looseness
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
characteristics of tight cultures according to Gelfand et al. (2012)
- strong social norms
- low tolerance for deviant behaviors
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
characteristics of loose cultures according to Gelfand et al. (2012)
- weak social norms
- high tolerance for deviant behaviors
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012) what 2 types of challenges is tightness - looseness related to?
historical ecological & human-made challenges
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), historical considerations for this type of culture include high population density, greater vulnerability to natural disasters & disease, and scarcity of resources due to a need for strong social norms & punishments for deviant behaviors to ensure survival
tight cultures
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are 3 “tightest” countries in the world?
- Pakistan
- Malaysia
- India
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 “loosest” countries in the world?
- Estonia
- Hungary
- Israel
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 “tightest” states in the U.S.?
- Mississippi
- Alabama
- Arkansas
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 “loosest” states in the U.S.?
- California
- Oregon
- Washington
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), how do individuals in tight and loose cultures differ?
tight cultures
* greater conformity to social norms
* a tendency to engage in risk avoidance behaviors
* preference for stability
loose cultures
* greater willingness to act in ways that deviate from social norms
* greater willingness to engage in risk-taking & innovative behaviors
* greater openness to change
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
connections between Big 5 Personality Types & individuals in tight VS. loose cultures, according to Harrington & Gelfand (2014)
tight cultures
* higher conscientiousness
* lower openness to experience
loose cultures (opposite)
* lower conscientiousness
* higher openness to experience
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Verkuyten (2016), this occurs when higher-status immigrants (more educated & economically succcessful) are more likely than lower-status immigrants to report experiencing discrimination & disrespect AND less likely to identify with & have positive attitudes towar mainstream society
Integration Paradox
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
possible explanations for the Integration Paradox according to Schaeffer & Kas (2023)
higher-status immigrants
* have greater access to mainstream society
* are more likely to encounter discrimination
* have more sophisticated cognitive abilities & thus, are more aware of discrimination & are more likely to interpret their experiences in terms of discrimination
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Hall (1976), this type of communication relies heavily on group understanding, nonverbal messages, & the context in which the communication occurs
High-Context Communication
characteristic of several cultural minority groups
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Hall (1976), this type of communication relies on verbal messages and is independent of context
Low-Context Communication
characteristic of white (mainstream) culture
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Sue (2006), the fact that Black/AA communicate with more by high-context cues has led many to characterize them how?
- nonverbal
- inarticulate
- unintelligent
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this is the tendency of people to more accurately perceive and identify the faces of individuals of their own race than the faces of individuals of other races
own-race bias (ORB)
aka other-race effect & cross-race effect
researchers have identified similar own-age & own-gender biases (Wright & Stroud, 2002; Wright & Sladden, 2003)
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this theory explains the increased risk for mental health problems among sexual-minority individuals (SMI) and proposes that SMI experience chronic stressors related to stigmatization that increase their vulnerability to mental health problems
Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003)
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003), this process occurs within the person and includes concealment, fear of rejection, & internalized heterosexism
proximal
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003), this process occurs external to the person and includes verbal & physical harassment, prejudice, & discrimination
distal
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
age & gender are examples of what in some cultures
credibility
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Sue & Zane (2009), this refers to the direct benefits that a client perceives they receive from therapy
gift giving
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
give examples of gift giving according to Sue & Zane (2009)
- providing reassurance & a sense of hope
- normalizing feelings
- using interventions that reduce depression & anxiety
Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment
examples of how a therapist might adapt interventions to be culturally appropriate
incorporating content that’s culturally appropriate & relevant
* e.g., issues related acculturation, racism, religion & spirituality, etc.
altering the format & delivery of treatment so that it’s culturally compatible
* e.g., delivering treatment in a client’s native language, adopting a culturally compatible interpersonal syle, & including indigenous healers in the delivery of treatment
Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment
Blakely et al. (1987) found that adaptations to treatment are more effective when they involve what, instead of replacing a component of an intervention
involve adding features to an intervention
Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment
Griner & Smith (2006) found that culturally adapted interventions are most beneficial for what clients? Examples?
- those who have the greatest need for them
e.g., clients who are not fluent in English or clients with low levels of acculturation
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
when working with African American clients, what should therapists keep in mind
CULTURAL VALUES
* extended kinship network, including immediate & extended family, friends, members of church & community
* flexible family roles
* egalitarian relationships between males & females
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
* fostering empowerment
* adopting a problem-solving approach & focus on decision-making skills
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
what interventions do AA tend to prefer?
- an egalitarian therapeutic relationship
- a time-limited, problem-solving approach
- a multisystems approach - including the client. their immediate & extended family, nonblood relatives & friends, church & community members, & social service agencies
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
when working with American Indian client, what should therapists keep in mind?
CULTURAL VALUES
* * adhere to collateral social system
* interests of the family & tribe over individual
* cooperation, sharing, & generosity
WORLDVIEW
* wellness - harmony of mind, body, & spirit
* illness - results from disharmony
BEHAVIORAL
* consider listening to be more important than talking
* emphasize on nonverbal communication
* view direct eye contact as disrespectful
* view a firm handshake as aggression
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
considerations for the therapeutic relationship when working with American Indian clients
RELATIONAL PREFERENCES
* collaborative
* respect for & knowledge of their culture
* admitting any lack of knowledge about cultural identity
* client-centered
INTERVENTION PREFERENCES
* problem-solving approach
* use of encouragement
* client as expert on their own life - honor their autonomy & agency/decision-making power
* integration of their values
* values their role as traditional healers
* foster empowerment by mobilizing support network, including relatives, friends, tribal members
* use of network therapy
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
when working with Hispanic/Latino Americans, what should therapists keep in mind?
CULTURAL VALUES
* consider religious & spiritual beliefs in clinical decision-making
* family welfare over individual
* patriarchal family roles (e.g., machismo, marianismo)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
* likely to express somatic complaints over psychological, physical, or cognitive
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
therapy preferences of Hispanic/Latino Americans
- initially formal style
- subsequently more personal style
- prefer CBT, solution-focused, family & group therapy
- treatment may be more effective when it incorporates:
a) cuento therapy: the use of folktales to present models of adaptive behavior
b) dichos: the use of proverbs & idiomatic expressions to help clients express their feelings
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
when working with Asian American clients, what should therapists keep in mind?
CULTURAL VALUES
* holistic view of mind & body
* emphasis on family over individual needs
* families adopt traditional gender roles
* hierarchical & patriarchical family relationships
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
* more likely to express somatic complaints
* differences in acculturation between family members may be a source of conflict
* fear of “losing face” & shame re: mental health issues, which may affect level of willingness to discuss personal problems & express emotions
Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy
therapy preferences of Asian American clients
RELATIONAL PREFERENCES
* therapist as knowledgeable expert
* formal style of interacting/ communicating
* prefers advice giving & suggestions re: specific courses of action
TREATMENT PREFERENCES
* approach that is brief, goal-oriented, problem focused (likely to prefer CBT or equivalent structured approach)
* focus on family over individual
* use of encouragement
* foster empowerment
* participation in identifying goals & solutions
BEHAVIORAL PREFERENCES
* view periods of silence as respectful
* view avoidance of eye contact as polite
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
LGBTQ men & women are how many times more likely than heterosexual men & women to experience mental health problems? What are the most common mental health disorders among LGBTQ populations?
- more than 2x as likely
- anxiety, depression, & substance misuse
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
research suggests that (gay, lesbian, or bisexual) individuals have more mental health problems?
bisexual
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
(gay men/lesbian women) utilize mental health services at higher rates
gay men
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
bisexual (men/women) utilize mental health services at higher rates
neither; utilization rates among bisexual men & women are similar
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
characteristics of the optimal type of therapy for LGBTQ clients
- providing affirming therapy (integration of knowledge & awareness of the unique & cultural aspects of LGBTQ individuals)
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
considerations when using CBT with LGBTQ clients
- distinguish between maladaptive thoughts & thoughts that refelct a normal response to stigmatization & discrimination
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
list the 5 sexual identity milestones according to Bishop et al. (2020)
- awareness of same-sex attraction
- self-identification as LGB
- same-sex sexual behavior
- disclosure as a sexual minority to a straight friend
- disclosure as a sexual minority to a family member
Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+
according to the California Quality of Life survey, (gay men/lesbian women) were more likely to report having MDD or GAD after recently disclosing their sexual identity
gay men
lesbian women were less likely to report having MDD after recently disclosing their sexual identtiy
Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults
what are the most common mental health diagnoses among older adults
anxiety & depression
Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults
how do symptoms of depression differ between older VS. younger adults
older adults
* more likely to complain about physical & cognitive symptoms than emotional distress or depression
(e.g., frequent headaches, increased pain, changes in appetite, tiredness, low energy, & impaired memory & concentration rather than “sadness” or “depression”)
* more likely to complain about irritability, insomnia, weight loss, & other symptoms associated with anxiety (rather than complaining about “anxiety”)
Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults
treatment considerations when working with older adults
- may respond more slowly to therapy
- may benefit most from tailoring treatment to cognitive, sensory, & physical needs
Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults
according to APA guidelines for practice with older adults, give some examples of how to modify treatment/interventions to increase therapeutic effectiveness
- shortening sessions
- increasing the number of sessions
- accommodating hearing loss by reducing ambient noise
- addressing physical illness, grief, cognitive decline, & other problems that are experienced more often by older adults
Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults
according to APA guidelines for practice with older adults, what types of approaches are more effective for depression?
- CBT
- reminiscence therapy
Practice Test: Incorrect Answers
A psychotherapist who has an emic perspective:
A. focuses on changing characteristics of the client to better fit environmental demands.
B. focuses on changing the client’s environment to better fit the client’s needs.
C. recognizes the differences between cultural groups.
D. tends to overlook important cultural differences.
C. recognizes the differences between cultural groups.
