Prevention, Consultation, & Psychotherapy Research

Question 1

Models of Prevention

list the 3 types of prevention according to Caplan’s (1964) model

Answer 1

1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiery

Question 2

Models of Prevention

match the goals of prevention with the correct type: primary, secondary, or tertiary

a. to reduce the severity and duration of a mental or physical disorder
b. to reduce the occurrence of new cases of mental or physical disorder
c. to reduce the prevalence of a mental or physical disorder through early detection & intervention

Caplan’s (1964) Model

Answer 2

a) tertiary
b) primary
c) secondary

Question 3

Models of Prevention

who are primary preventions aimed at?

Caplan’s (1964) Model

Answer 3

entire populations/groups

Question 4

Models of Prevention

match the following examples of preventions with the correct type: primary, secondary, or tertiary

a) providing tutoring to elementary school students who are beginning to have academic difficulties
b) prenatal care for low-income mothers
c) relapse prevention programs (e.g., AA)
d) providing individuals with counseling
e) public education program about depression & suicide
f) rehabilitation programs
g) using a screening test to identify individuals at risk for depression
h) halfway houses
i) a school-based program for 5th graders to prepare them for the transition to middle school
j) social skills training for patients with schizophrenia

Caplan’s (1964) Model

Answer 4

a) secondary
b) primary
c) tertiary
d) secondary
e) primary
f) tertiary
g) secondary
h) tertiary
i) primary
j) tertiary

Question 5

Models of Prevention

the goal of secondary prevention

Caplan’s (1964) Model

Answer 5

to reduce the prevalence of a mental or physical disorder in the population through early detection & intervention

Question 6

Models of Prevention

who are secondary preventions aimed at?

Caplan (1964) Model

Answer 6

specific individuals identified as at elevated risk for mental or physical disorders

Question 7

Models of Prevention

goal of tertiary prevention

Caplan’s (1964) Model

Answer 7

to reduce the severity and duration of a mental or physical disorder

Question 8

Models of Prevention

who are tertiary preventions aimed at?

Caplan’s (1964) Model

Answer 8

reduce the severity & duration of a mental or physical disorder among people who have already received a diagnosis

Question 9

Models of Prevention

list the types of prevention according to Gordon (1983)

Answer 9

1. universal
2. selective
3. indicated

Question 10

Models of Prevention

who are universal preventions aimed at?

Gordon (1983) Model

Answer 10

reduce risk factors in entire populations or groups (not restricted to individuals who are at risk for a disorder)

Question 11

Models of Prevention

who are selective preventions aimed at?

Gordon’s (1983) Model

Answer 11

individuals/subgroups who have been identified as being at increased risk for a disorder due to their biological, psychological, or social characteristics

Question 12

Models of Prevention

who are indicated preventions aimed at?

Gordon’s (1983) Model

Answer 12

individuals who are known to be at high-risk because they have early or minimal signs of a disorder

Question 13

Models of Prevention

match the following examples of preventions with the correct type: universal, selective, or indicated

a) a drug abuse prevention program for adolescents whose parents have a substance use disorder
b) a drug abuse prevention program for adolescents who have experimented with drugs
c) a drug abuse prevention program for all high school students in a school district

Gordon’s (1983) Model

Answer 13

a) selective
b) indicated
c) universal

Question 14

Models of Prevention

according to the Institute of Medicine, who is the target population for universal, selective, & indicated preventions in the continuum of care model

Mrazek & Haggerty (1996)

Answer 14

people who have not received a diagnosis of a mental or physical disorder

Question 15

Models of Prevention

according to the Institute of Medicine, what is the focus of treatment & what is the primary maintenance strategy for people who have received a mental or physical diagnosis?

Mrazek & Haggerty (1996)

Answer 15

• preventing chronicity or relapse
• providing rehabilitation

Question 16

Mental Health Consultation

how does mental health consultation differ from collaboration?

Answer 16

• consultation has no direct contact with clients
• the consultant is not responsible for client outcomes

a collaborator usually has direct contact with the client & shared responsibility for the client’s outcomes

Question 17

Mental Health Consultation

according to Caplan (1970), list the 4 types of mental health consultation

Answer 17

1. Client-Centered Case Consultation
2. Consultee-Centered Case Consultation
3. Program-Centered Case Consultation
4. Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation

Question 18

Mental Health Consultation

Client-Centered Case Consultation
1. focus
2. goal(s)

Caplan (1970)

Answer 18

1. a particular client of the consultee. who is having difficulty providing the client with effective services (e.g., having trouble identifying an appropriate treatment)
2. to provide the consultee with a plan that will benefit the client

Question 19

Mental Health Consultation

Consultee-Centered Case Consultation
1. focus
2. goal(s)

Caplan (1970)

Answer 19

1. the consultee
2. goals
   * to improve the consultee’s ability to work effectively with current & future clients who are similar in some way (e.g., clients with TBIs, clients from specific backgrounds/cultures)
   * to improve consultee’s knowledge, skills, confidence, and/or objectivity

Question 20

Mental Health Consultation

Program-Centered Case Consultation
1. focus
2. goal(s)

Caplan (1970)

Answer 20

1. focus
   * program administrators
   * an existing mental health program
2. to provide administrators with recommendations for dealing with the problems they’ve encountered in developing, administering, and/or evaluating a mental health program

Question 21

Mental Health Consultation

Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation
1. focus
2. goal(s)

Caplan (1970)

Answer 21

1. improving the professional functioning of program administrators
2. improve program administrators ability to develop, administer, and evaluate mental health programs

Question 22

Mental Health Consultation

list & describe 1 factor Caplan (1970) identified as a contributor to a consultee’s lack of objectivity

Answer 22

theme interference - occurs when a consultee’s biases & unfounded beliefs interfere with their ability to be objective when working with certain types of clients

Question 23

Interprofessional Collaboration

list the 3 primary functions of Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) in primary care settings according to Dragan & Marino (2018)

Answer 23

1. improvement of patient care
2. improvement of health outcomes for patients
3. decreased healthcare costs

Question 24

Interprofessional Collaboration

According to a meta-analysis conducted by Carron et al. (2021), IPC has inconsistent clinical outcomes, particularly on what factors?

Answer 24

• quality of life
• physical, emotional, & social functioning
• health behaviors & practices

Question 25

# **Interprofessional Collaboration** According to a meta-analysis conducted by Carron et al. (2021), IPC has **positive clinical outcomes**, particularly on what factors?

Answer 25

* the **process of care** * patient **satisfaction**

Question 26

# **Interprofessional Collaboration** research on healthcare needs of **older patients** has provided some evidence that integrated care is associated with what outcomes? ## Footnote **Baxter et al. (2018); Hebert et al. (2010)**

Answer 26

* improved **access to care** * increased **patient satisfaction** with services provided * **fewer** ED visits, hospitalizations, & long-term care placements

Question 27

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** define **efficacy research** & list its benefits

Answer 27

clinical trials * maximize **experimental control** * maximize **internal validity** *(e.g.. the ability to draw conclusions about the **cause-effect relationship** betwee therapy & outcomes)*

Question 28

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** describe ways that efficacy research maximizes experimental control

Answer 28

* **assigning participants** to groups * therapists **using treatment manuals** to ensure standardization of treatment

Question 29

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** define **effectiveness research** & list its benefits

Answer 29

**naturalistic** settings * maximize **external validity** *(e.g., the **ability to generalize** the conclusions drawn from the study to other people & conditions)*

Question 30

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** the most useful strategy for evaluating treatment outcomes ## Footnote **Jacobson & Christensen (1996)**

Answer 30

1. **first conduct an efficacy study** to determine a treatment's **effectiveness in well-controlled** conditions 2. **then conduct an effectiveness study** in "real world" settings to determine its **generalizability, feasibility, & cost-effectiveness**

Question 31

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** what is researcher, Hans Eysenck, best known for?

Answer 31

his conclusions about **intelligence & personality**

Question 32

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** what did Eysenck propose?

Answer 32

**intelligence is primarily due to heredity**, with about **80%** of variability in IQ scores being due to **genetic factors**

Question 33

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** list the 3 major personality traits according to Eysenck's (1952) personality theory

Answer 33

1. extroversion 2. neuroticism 3. psychoticism

Question 34

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** why was Eysenck's (1952) literature review of treatment outcomes for "neurotic" patients who participated in psychoanalytic or eclectic psychotherapy controversial?

Answer 34

the studies **did not**: * include no-treatment **control groups** * **randomly assign participants** to groups * account for **patient characteristics** * Eysenck **used other studies to estimate the spontaneous remission rates** of neurotic patiens who received care in an inpatient facility or from a physician

Question 35

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** list the percentage associated with Eysenck's (1952) average recovery rates for a) patients in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, b) patients in eclectic psychotherapy, and c) patients who did not participate in psychotherapy.

Answer 35

a) psychoanalytic: **44%** b) eclectic: **64%** c) no-treatment: **72%**

Question 36

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** what did Eysenck (1952) conclude from his psychotherapy outcome literature review?

Answer 36

* psychotherapy is **ineffective** * psychotherapy **may actually have detrimental effects** since the average recovery rates for psychotherapy patients were lower than the average spontaneous remissio rate for patients who did not receive psychotherapy

Question 37

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** Bergin (1971) noted that the criteria Eysench used to determine the recovery rate were questionable. He found different criteria produce what recovery rates for patients who received psychoanaltic psychotherapy vs. patients who did not receive treatmet?

Answer 37

a) psychoanalytic psychotherapy: **83%** b) no treatment: **30%**

Question 38

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** who were the first researchers to use meta-analysis in psychotherapy outcome research?

Answer 38

Smith, Glass, & Miller

Question 39

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** how many studies were included in Smith, Glass, & Miller's (1980) meta-analysis and what was the mean effect size? what does the mean effect size suggest?

Answer 39

* **475** studies * mean effect size of **.85** * that the average patient who received psychotherapy was **"better off" than 80%** of patients who did not receive psychotherapy

Question 40

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** what does an **effect size** indicate

Answer 40

the **mean difference between groups** in terms of a **standard deviation**

Question 41

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** in a normal distribution, what percentage of scores are below a standard deviation of 1.0? a standard deviation of .85?

Answer 41

* 84% * 80%

Question 42

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** Howard et al. (1986, 1996) investigated the relationship between psychotherapy outcomes and what?

Answer 42

the duration of psychotherapy

Question 43

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** list the 2 models resulting from Howard et al. (1986, 1996) studies of the relationship between duration of psychotherapy and its outcomes

Answer 43

1. **dosage** model 2. **phase** model

Question 44

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** according to Howard et al. (1986, 1996), this model proposes that there is a predictable relationship between the number of therapy sessions & the probability of measurable improvement in symptoms predictions re: clinically significant improvement in symptoms * **50%** of patients; expected by **6-8 sessions** * **75%** of patients; expected by **26 sessions** * **85%** of patients; expected by **52 sessions**

Answer 44

dosage model

Question 45

# **According to Howard et al. (1986, 1996)** this phase consists of the **first few sessions** and is characterized by **increased hopefulness**

Answer 45

**initial remoralization** phase

Question 46

# **According to Howard et al. (1986, 1996)** this phase consists of the **the next 16 sessions** and is characterized by **reduction of symptoms**

Answer 46

**remediation** phase

Question 47

# **According to Howard et al. (1986, 1996)** this phase has **no associated number of sessions** and is characterized by **unlearning troublesome maladaptive, habitual behaviors** and **establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of life** (e.g., problematic relationships patterns, faulty work habits, & troubling personal attitudes)

Answer 47

**rehabilitation** phase

Question 48

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** an implication of the **phase model** ## Footnote **Howard et al. (1986, 1996)**

Answer 48

requires **use of different outcome measures during different phases** of therapy

Question 49

# **Psychotherapy Outcome Research** match the examples of outcome measures with the appropriate phase of **phase model**: *remoralization*, *remediation*, or *rehabilitation* phases a) measures of severity & frequency of symptoms b) measures of life functioning c) measures of subjective well-being ## Footnote **Howard et al. (1986, 1996)

Answer 49

a) remediation b) rehabilitation c) remoralization

Question 50

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** based on their review of the literature, Norcross & Lambert (2011) found that **this element of psychotherapy** accounts for ____% if variability in outcomes, making it the largest contributor.

Answer 50

patient contributions; 30%

Question 51

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** Sue et al. (1991) found that the effects of matching on treatment outcomes varied depending on **what factor**? And that this factor reduced ____ ____ ____ for Asian, Hispanic, and European American clients **but not for** African American clients.

Answer 51

* client race/ethnicity * premature termination rates

Question 52

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** Sue et al. (1991) found that client-therapist matching was associated with what only for Hispanic American clients.

Answer 52

improved treatment outcomes

Question 53

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** Comas-Diaz's (2012) found that what factors were more important than ethnic matching between client and therapist.

Answer 53

clinicians' **cultural competence**, **compassion**, & **worldview**

Question 54

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** what were the findings of Taber et al.'s (2011) study examining the impact of client-therapist personality similarity on therapeutic alliance & therapy outcomes

Answer 54

* **positive impact on clients' perceptions** of the relationship * **no direct affect on outcomes** of therapy

Question 55

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** what were the findings of Perez-Rojas et al.'s (2021) study on the effects of clients' perceptions of similarity to their therapist based on the Big Five personality traits?

Answer 55

perceived similiarities on levels of **conscientiousness & openness = stronger therapeutic relationships and better progress** in therapy

Question 56

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** list the age ranges that reported the highest to lowest perentage of utilization of mental health services ## Footnote **2020 National Mental Health Interview Survey (NIHS)**

Answer 56

* ages 18 to 44 * ages 45 to 64 * ages 65 and older

Question 57

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** **most cited barrier** to utilizing mental health services among college students ## Footnote **Ebert et al. (2019)**

Answer 57

**attitudinal barriers:** * preferring to **handle problem alone** * preferring to **talk to friends & family** members about the problem * being **embarrassed**

Question 58

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** list **structural barriers** to utilizing mental health services cited by college students ## Footnote **Ebert et al. (2019)**

Answer 58

* **cost** of treatment * **scheduling conflicts** or problems with time

Question 59

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** define **education-based** interventions and **contact-based** interventions

Answer 59

* education-based: **challenge and replace stereotypes and myths** about mental illness and its treatment with accurate information * contact-based: provide **face-to-face or internet-mediated contact with a person** who has successfully managed a amental disorder

Question 60

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** among adults ages 18+, the use of **outpatient** substance misuse & mental health services was highest for respondents who identified how? lowest for respondents who identified how?

Answer 60

* as belonging to **2 or more racial groups** * followed by **white** * lowest for those who identified as **Asian**

Question 61

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** among adults ages 18+, the use of **inpatient** substance misuse & mental health services was highest for respondents who identified how? lowest for respondents who identified how?

Answer 61

* identified as belonging to **2 or more racial groups** * followed by those who identified as **American Indian or Alaska Native** * lowest for those who identified as **Asian**

Question 62

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** what does **economic evaluation** of healthcare programs involve?

Answer 62

cost and benefits **inform decision-making**

Question 63

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** list 3 methods of **economic evaluation**

Answer 63

1. **Cost-Benefit** Analysis (CBA) 2. **Cost-Effectiveness** Analysis (CEA) 3. **Cost-Utility** Analysis (CUA)

Question 64

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** when using **cost-benefit analysis**, costs and benefits are expressed in what terms?

Answer 64

monetary

Question 65

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** when should you use a **cost-effectiveness analysis**? Give an example. | **Knapp et al. (2013)**

Answer 65

* to compare the costs & benefits of **2 or more interventions** when **benefits cannot be expressed in monetary values** * benefits being measured by percent of participants who: a) **worked at least 1 day** during a follow-up period b) **dropped out** of the program they were assigned to c) had to be **readmitted** to the hospital ## Footnote (Knapp et al., 2013)

Question 66

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** when should you use a **cost-utility analysis**? Give an example. ## Footnote **Sava et al. (2009)**

Answer 66

* to compare 2+ interventions by look at **how much each costs** & **how much it improves the duration & quality of a patient's life** (i.e., quality-adjusted life-years or QALYs) aka measures of gain in quality & duration of life OR "values for money" * comparing 3 treatments for depression: * compared **cognitive therapy** (CT), **REBT**, and **fluoxetine** for the treatment of depression found that **CT & REBT had greater cost-utility** than fluoxetine but treatments **did not significantly differ** ## Footnote (Sava et al., 2009)

Question 67

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** findings from research on the effects of age, gender, & SES on psychotherapy outcomes

Answer 67

* all 3 have little to **no impact on outcomes ** * any apparent differences are due to other factors (e.g., link between low SES & premature termination is likely more attributed to transportation difficulties)

Question 68

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** define **alpha bias** and describe its potential impact(s)

Answer 68

* tendency to **exaggerate differences between men & women** * can reinforce **gender stereotypes** & justify discriminatory practices

Question 69

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** define **beta bias** and describe its potential impact(s)

Answer 69

* tendency to **ignore or minimize differences between men & women** * can lead to the **erroneous conclusions**, such as the results of research that included only male participants also applies to females & vice versa

Question 70

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** alpha & beta bias has been linked to **androcentricism**. Define.

Answer 70

* means **male-centered ** * occurs when **male behaviors & traits are considered to be the norm**, while female behaviors & traits are viewed as deviations from the norm & often as abnormal or inferior

Question 71

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** what does the acronym WEIRD stand for

Answer 71

Westernized Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic

Question 72

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** according to Gurven et al. (2013), the Big Five personality traits do not accurately describe the personalities of which specific popoulation?

Answer 72

largely illiterate **indigenous forager-farmers** in the Bolivian Amazon

Question 73

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** define & list alternative names for **Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM)**

Answer 73

a **transtheoretical & transdiagnostic** evidence-based practice * **feedback-informed** treatment * **measurement-based** care

Question 74

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** list the 4 components of Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) according to Lewis et al. (2019)

Answer 74

1. a **routinely administered assessment measure** of symptom, outcome, or process (ideally) before each clinical encounter 2. **practitioner review** of data 3. **patient review** of data 4. **collaborative reevaluation** of the treatment plan informed by the data

Question 75

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** what is the Partners for Change Outcome Management System used for? ## Footnote **Lambert & Harmon (2018)**

Answer 75

to **assess a client's progress** & the quality of the **therapeutic relationship**

Question 76

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** list the benefits of Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM)

Answer 76

* **increased rates of** clinically significant **improvement** * significant **reductions** in **premature termination** & client **deterioration during therapy**

Question 77

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** **client barriers** to utilizing Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) ## Footnote **Boswell et al. (2015); Lewis et al. (2019)**

Answer 77

* concerns about **confidentiality** * **time** needed to complete the measure

Question 78

# **Other Psychotherapy Research** **clinician barriers** to utilizating Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) ## Footnote **Boswell et al. (2015); Lewis et al. (2019)**

Answer 78

* belief that information provided by ROM is **not more accurate than clinical judgement** * **lack training** in the use of ROM * unease about ROM's potential **effects on therapeutic relationship** * concerns about the **time** it takes to administer, score, & interpret measurs, create a report, & provide feedback to clients * concerns about **how results of ROM will be used** by employers & insurance companies

Question 79

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** benefits of **transdiagnostic treatments**

Answer 79

* **reduce the cost & time of training** psychologists to deliver numerous diagnosis-specific interventions * **better suited** than single-diagnosis treatments **for addressing comorbidities**

Question 80

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** according to Newby et al. (2015) how do transdiagnostic treatments compare to diagnosis-specific treatments when treating anxiety? depression?

Answer 80

* transdiagnostic treatments are **as effective for anxiety** * transdiagnostic treatments **may be more effective for depression**

Question 81

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy - Enhanced (CBT-E) was designed for treating which class of disorders? ## Footnote **Fairburn et al. (2003)**

Answer 81

eating disorders (e.g., anorexia & bulimia)

Question 82

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** what type of interventions are used in the **The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders**? what class of disorders was it designed to treat? ## Footnote **Barlow et al. (2011)**

Answer 82

* an **emotion-focused**, **cognitive-behavioral** intervention * **mood disorders** (e.g., anxiety, depression)

Question 83

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** **The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders** 1. assumptions 2. focus of treatment

Answer 83

1. assumption: **neuroticism** as a core characteristic shared by mood disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression) 2. focus: mechanisms associated with neuroticism, including **deficits in emotion regulation** & **avoidance of intense emotional experiences**

Question 84

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** **Emotion-Focused Therapy - Transdiagnostic (EFT-T)** 1. developed for what class of disorders? 2. focus of treatment ## Footnote **Timulak & Keogh (2020)**

Answer 84

1. **mood disorders** (e.g., anxiety, depression) 2. targets **chronic painful emotions** * e.g., **loneliness**/sadness, **shame**, and **fear**/terror that **underlie** these disorders

Question 85

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** **Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)** 1. type of intervention 2. developed for what class of disorders 3. assumptions 4. primary goal

Answer 85

1. 3rd wave cognitive-behavioral intervention 2. **wide range of mental health & medical conditions** 3. **pain**, grief, disappointment, illness, and anxiety is an **inevitable** part of human life 4. helping individuals **adapt** to painful experiences and the typical challenges in life by **developing greater psychological flexibility**

Question 86

# **Transdiagnostic Treatments** **Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)** 1. developed for what class of disorders? 2. assumptions 3. primary goal

Answer 86

1. **disruptive behavior** disorders, anxiety, **trauma**-related disorders and child **maltreatment** 2. **emotion dysreguation is a core process** in the etiology of early-onset psychopathology symptoms 3. improving a child's **emotion regulation**

Question 87

# **Telepsychology** benefits of delivering **evidence-based psychotherapy (EBP)** via telepsychology over in-person

Answer 87

* **decreases costs** for both patients & providers (e.g., travel & transportation) * **increases access** to mental health care (e.g., rural & underserved populations) * **reduces stigma** & embarrassment

Question 88

# **Telepsychology** clinician cited challenges of providing therapy via telehealth

Answer 88

* **tech issues**: * internet access/connectivity * general technological difficulties * inadequate access to technology * diminished **therapeutic alliance** * diminished **quality/effectiveness** of delivered care * **privacy concerns** - finding a private place to connect form

Question 89

# **Telepsychology** findings from Berryhill et al.'s (2019) systematic review of studies evaluating the **effectiveness of telehealth sessoins** - most often CBT - **for treating anxiety disorders**

Answer 89

* majority of studies found **significant improvement** in symptoms following telehealth treatment * controlled studies found **no significant difference** between telehealth & in-person treatment

Question 90

# **Telepsychology** findings from Stubbing et al.'s (2013) study **comparing telehealth delivered CBT to in-person CBT** for treatment of anxiety & depression

Answer 90

* **similarly effective** for reducing **comorbid anxiety & depression** and **improving quality of life**

Question 91

# **Telepsychology** findings from Turgoose et al.'s (2018) systematic review of studies evaluating telepsychology vs. in-person treatment for veterans with PTSD | **findings re: treatment, therapeutic alliance, developing rapport**

Answer 91

* trauma-focused therapies (e.g., exposure therapy, behavioral activation) were **similar in terms of reduction of PTSD symptoms** * **inconsistent findings re: therapeutic alliance** * some therapists reported **no trouble developing rapport** * some therapists reported barriers to developing a therapeutic alliance, such as **inability to detect nonverbal communications**

Question 92

# **Telepsychology** Wangelin et al. (2016) found that attrition rates for various modes of telepsychology for the treatment of depression vary depending on **what factors**?

Answer 92

* population * type of intervention

Question 93

# **Telepsychology** findings from research evaluating the effectiveness of telepsychology vs. in-person for the treatment of bulimia nervosa

Answer 93

telepsychology had beneficial effects, but **not as effective as in-person**

Question 94

# **Telepsychology** list the 2 differences found from Mitchell et al.'s (2008) study comparing telehealth-delivered and in-person delivered versions of manual-based CBT for bulimia nervosa

Answer 94

**in-person CBT** * **higher rates of abstinence** from binge eating & purging * **greater reductions** in eating disorder cognitions and depression

Question 95

# **Telepsychology** findings from Zerwas et al.'s (2017) study comparing telehealth-delivered and in-person manualized CBT group therapy for bulimia nervosa

Answer 95

**slower pace of recovery** for patients who received telehealth services

Question 96

# **Telepsychology** list reasons why in-person CBT for bulimia & other eating disorders might be more effective ## Footnote **Gros et al. (2013)**

Answer 96

regular in-session **weight measurement** is an important component of CBT for ED *this may be omitted when its delivered via telehealth due to logistical difficulties*

Question 97

# **Stepped Care** list the 2 foundational features of **stepped care** ## Footnote **Bower & Gilbody (2005)**

Answer 97

1. **apply the least restrictive treatment** of those currently available, but still likely to provide significant health gain 2. the stepped care model is **self-correcting** - the results of & decisions about treatments are monitoried systematically & changes are made if current treatments are not achieving significant health gain

Question 98

# **Stepped Care** primary goals of **stepped care**

Answer 98

1. **increase efficiency** of health care services 2. **increase accessibility** of effective treatments 3. **better allocate** scarce mental health resources

Question 99

# **Stepped Care** 4 steps within the commonly cited stepped care model for depression ## Footnote **Broten et al. (2011)**

Answer 99

1. **Assessment & Monitoring** 2. Interventions Requiring **Minimal Practitioner Involvement** 3. Interventions Requiring **More Intensive Training & Specialization** 4. Most **Restrictive & Intensive Forms of Care**

Question 100

# **Stepped Care** who is **Step 1: Assessment & Monitoring** of the stepped care model for depression most appropriate for & what is included in this step of treatment

Answer 100

* patients with **minor depressive symptoms** * **evaluating & monitoring** the patient's symptoms

Question 101

# **Stepped Care** who is **Step 2: Interventions Requiring Minimal Practitioner Involvement** of the stepped care model for depression most appropriate for & what is included in this step of treatment. Give some examples of treatment approaches at this step.

Answer 101

* patients **at high risk** for depression or are **experiencing an increase** in symptoms * **psychoed** about symptoms, course of depression, **treatment options**, & **signs of relapse** * **bibliotherapy**, **computer-based interventions** that track symptoms, multimedia with **interactive** components designed to **increase coping skills** for depression & anxiety

Question 102

# **Stepped Care** who is **Step 3: Interventions Requiring More Intensive Care & Specialized Training** of the stepped care model for depression most appropriate for & what is included in this step of treatment. Give examples of treatment approaches at this step.

Answer 102

* patients who are experiencing **significant increases in symptoms** of depression * **group** therapy, **individual** therapy, and/or **medication** * referring to **group & brief therapy** initially; for patients who don't respond adequately to these therapies, **referring to longer-term** therapy with or without medications

Question 103

# **Stepped Care** who is **Step 4: Most Restrictive & Intensive Forms of Care** of the stepped care model for depression most appropriate for & what is included in this step of treatmemt

Answer 103

* patients with **severe depressive symptoms & suicidality** * voluntary or mandated **inpatient** care

Question 104

# **Treatment Fidelity** list **measures of fidelity** for community-based interventions according to Breitenstein et al. (2010)

Answer 104

* **self-reports** by the practitioner & client * **observations** of in vivo or recorded intervention sessions **by a trained observer** who rates the practitioner's adherence & competence

Question 105

# **Digital Mental Health Interventions** list some examples of online and/or mobile delivery of psychological strategies & interventions

Answer 105

* activity & **mood trackers** * **self-monitoring** eating behaviors * **relaxation**/meditation/mindfulness practices * **CBT** for depression

Question 106

# **Digital Mental Health Interventions** research on DMHIs suggest there is a research-to-practice gap & research in health care settings on the effectiveness of DMHIs is inconsistent. List the factors that may be contributing to these findings

Answer 106

* **inconsistent use** by patients * **uncertainty of providers** about how to engage patients * a **lack of clarity** about how providers should integrate digital interventions into the overall care of patients

Question 107

# **Digital Mental Health Interventions** The best conclusion that can be drawn from the results of Werntz et al.’s (2023) meta-review of research on digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) is that their effectiveness is...

Answer 107

**often improved by adding human support** whether the support is provided by a professional or a nonprofessional

Question 108

# **Models of Disability** list the 4 scientific models of disability identitied by APA's (2012) *Guidelines for the Assessment of and Intervention with Persons with Disabilities*

Answer 108

1. biomedical 2. social 3. functional 4. forensic

Question 109

# **Models of Disability** this scientific model of disability views disabilities as **intrinsic medical conditions** that deviate from the norm & disrupt a person''s physical and/or cognitivr functioning and focuses on identifying & providing treatments that will **manage, alter, or cure the medical condition** causing the disability

Answer 109

Biomedical Model of Disability ## Footnote **aka the medical model**

Question 110

# **Models of Disability** this scientific model of disability views disabilities as **a difference rather than an abnormality or deficiency** & as **primarily due to aspects of society** that create **barriers** for people with disabilities (e.g., negative attitudes, discrimination, exclusion, architectural barriers) and focuses on **making societal & environmental changes**

Answer 110

Social Model of Disability

Question 111

# **Models of Disability** this scientific model of disability views disabilities as **the cause of a person's inability to perform their function or role at work or elsewhere** and focuses on identifying what accommodations, modifications, or assistive tech devices are needed to **improve the person's functioning**

Answer 111

Functional Model of Disability

Question 112

# **Models of Disability** this scientific model of disability views disabilities as **malingerers** and focuses on legal concepts & **requires objective proof** of impairment & disability and **honesty & motivation** of individuals seeking recognition, benefits, or compensation for disability and primarily focuses on **distinguishing between honest & dishonest people** and identifying appropriate interventions or consequences

Answer 112

Forensic Model of Disability