psychodynamic approaches to mental health problems Flashcards
what is psychological formulation
- co-constructing hypothesis - origins of person’s difficulties
- has diagnostic label but doesn’t impact treatment
- aims to identify processes that led to and maintain problems faced by the individual
who is Anna O or Bertha Pappenheim
- Freud worked with whilst under hypnosis
- physical symptoms - weakness, paralysis
- under hypnosis spoke on past traumas and symptoms were cured
- behaviour influenced by unconscious
- talking therapy
what are Freud’s levels of consciousness
- conscious
- preconscious
- unconscious
what is the tripartite model
- id, ego and superego
what did helmoltz propose
- conservation of energy - not created or destroyed - transferred to one thing to another
what did brucke propose
all living things are energy systems
how did Freud discuss psychic energy and the instincts
- psychic energy
- personality - energy system - transformations and transference of psychic energy from one part to another shape personality
- instincts are the source of energy in behaviour
what is eros
life instinct
- preservation of self and species, sexual drive
what is thanatos
death instinct
- self destruction, aggressive drive
what is the id
- unconscious
- present from birth
- pleasure principle
- selfish
- if needs delayed id used primary process thinking
what is the ego
- conscious and preconscious
- develops around 6 months
- reality principle
- mediator between id and reality
- secondary process thinking
what is the superego
- conscious, preconscious and unconscious
- social and moral standards
- morality principle
- what’s right and what’s wrong
- made up of conscience and ego ideal
- inhibits id impulses
- can become too harsh or restrictive
what is the oral stage
0-2
sucking
what is the anal stage
2-3
retention/elimination of faeces
what is the phallic stage
3-6
genitals
what is the latency stage
6-12
sexual inhibitions
what is the genital stage
12+
development of adult sexuality
when are the oedipus and electra complex
phallic stage
what is the oedipus complex
- mother as love object
- identification
what fixations are in the oral stage
dependence, depression, guilt, mistrust
what are anal fixations
tidiness, obsessive behaviours, stubbornness
what are phallic fixations
- antisocial personality, difficulties in romantic relationships, aggression
what are latency fixations
problems with self control
what are genital fixations
identity diffusion
what are neuroses
- originate in childhood, symptoms are triggered by stress or crisis
what is healthy development according to Freud
- passing through stages successfully
- development of successful ego and superego
- adequate defence mechanism
what is neurotic development according to Freud
- frustration of sexual impulses or inhibition instincts by ego - repression
- transforming frustrated sexual impulses into neurotic symptoms
- inadequate defence mechanisms
how does OCD develop according to Freud
- fear id impulses - defence mechanisms
- battle between opposing forces
- fixation at anal stage
how does depression develop according to Freud
- similar to grieving - regression to oral stage
- introjection of negative feelings
what are the goals of Freud’s therapy
- make unconscious conscious again
- strengthen ego
- make superego more humane
what client’s did Freud not work
- people with psychosis
- not above age 50
- reasonable degree of education
how did Freud’s sessions run
- 4 sessions a week - 45 minutes each
what is the free association technique
- allow mind to wonder freely and report everything even if traumatic
- unconscious material becomes conscious
what is resistance
- anything that works against the therapy
- not adhering to the fundamental rule
- ego protects itself from repressed id
what is the transference technique
- clients perceive analysts as reincarnations of key figures in life
- transfer onto them emotions and feelings associated with past relationship
- learn about more important relationships
what is the interpretation technique
- constructions or explanations
- what has happened to clients
- repressed unconscious material becomes conscious
- understand id impulses
what did Freud say dreams were
- the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious mind
- function of dreams is wish fulfilment
- disguised hallucinatory fulfilments of prepressed sexual infantile wishes
- latent vs manifest content
- dream work - complex mental process of disguise involving condensation, displacement and symbolism
what was the wolf man case study
- Freud considered him to be ‘cured’
- presented with dramatic symptoms
- had a dream the night before 4th birthday
- dreams give insight into repressed wishes
what are the aspects of dream analysis
distortions
- reversals
- condensation
- symbolism
what did Carl Jung say was wrong about Freud’s approach
- that human motivation is exclusively sexual
- that the unconscious mind is entirely personal and peculiar to an individual
what are the levels of consciousness according to jung
- conscious
- personal unconscious
- collective unconscious
what is the collective consciousness
- images, potentialities, predispositions that have been inherited from ancestors
- never been conscious
- a blueprint for life
- made up of archetypes
what are jung’s archetypes
- persona - public personality
- anima - feminine side in males
- animus- masculine side in females
- shadow - dark side of personality
- self - personality as a whole
how did jung define psychic energy
- libido and other motivating forces
how does jung define compensation
- balance or adjust energy distributed through the psyche
how does jung define transcendent function
- synthesising process which can remove some of the separation between conscious and unconscious
what is the individuation of the self
- person becomes differentiated as a separate psychological individual, distinct from collective psychology
- integration of unconscious and conscious into whole self
what are the psychological attitude types according to jung
- extraversion
- introversion
what are the 4 function types according to jung
- thinking and feeling
- sensation and intuition
what is hysteria according to jung
- extreme extraversion
- libido withdrawn from inner world
- over concern with influence in social relationships
what is schizophrenia according to Jung
- extreme introversion
- libido withdrawn from reality
- world of fantasy and archetypes
what are jung’s views on neuroses
- imbalance between conscious and unconscious
- symptoms are a form of adaption created as part of individuation
what are the goals of jung’s therapy
- attain specific goals, deal with complexes, strengthen consciousness
- understand own inner being and meaning in life
how does jung’s therapy run
- individual
- eye to eye
- 2-3 sessions a week
- break after 10 weeks
- not a cure just support
what are the stages of jung’s therapy
1 - confession - any secrets
2 - elucidation - interprets
3 - education - new and adaptive habits
4 - transformation - individuation, acceptance of self
what is the analysis of transference technique
- understand projections that take place from client to therapist
what is the active imagination technique
- get in touch with unconscious material
- may use dreams to start
what are jung’s stages of dream analysis
- amplification
- interpretation
- assimilation
what is amplification in dream analysis
- elaboration and clarification of dream images to establish context
- direct association
what is interpretation in dream analysis
- keep record of dreams and interpretations - dream series
what is assimilation in dream analysis
- client and therapist make conscious sense of dreams
- clients assent of therapists interpretation
according to eysenck how many people were cured from psychotherapy
44%
according to eysenck how many people were not cured from psychotherapy
56%
how can we measure how effective psychotherapy is
- randomised controlled trials
what did smith and glass find about psychotherapy
average person receiving treatment is better off than 75% untreated
