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psychological approaches to therapy > cognitive behavioural approaches > Flashcards

cognitive behavioural approaches Flashcards

1
Q

when do behaviour models originate from

A

1950s/60s

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2
Q

what are the three waves of behaviour therapy

A
  • traditional/radical behaviour therapy
  • cognitive behaviour therapy
  • ‘third wave’ behavioural therapy
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3
Q

what did bandura find

A
  • people who observed others handling snakes were less avoidant than those who had just had systematic desensitisation
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4
Q

what are the goals of behavioural therapy

A
  • change observable and current behaviours
  • target symptoms not cause
  • goals need to be specific and measurable
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5
Q

what are the characteristics of behavioural therapy

A
  • time-limited - up to 20 weeks
  • clients actively involved
  • in stages
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6
Q

what are the stages of behavioural therapy

A
  • behavioural assessment - ABC model
  • treatment - goals of therapy, treatment with empirical support
  • assessment - check on progress
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7
Q

who discovered systematic desensitisation

A
  • joseph wolpe
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8
Q

what does systematic desensitisation involve

A
  • classical conditioning
  • reciprocal inhibition
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9
Q

what are the stages of systematic desensitisation

A
  • relaxation training
  • construct hierarchy
  • gradual exposure using relaxation techniques
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10
Q

what did Egara and Mosimege find

A
  • maths anxiety and achievement in secondary school students
  • 120 pps
  • 2 groups - SD and control
  • compared scores on maths anxiety scale before and after
  • treatment group had lower anxiety
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11
Q

what is graded exposure

A
  • in vivo - contact with feared stimulus until fear habituates
  • can be self managed
  • goes through hierarchy
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12
Q

what did emmelkamp et al 2001 find

A
  • compared in vivo graded exposure to virtual reality
  • 33 pps
  • exposed to 3 environments for fears
  • both groups improved
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13
Q

what is aversion therapy

A
  • simultaneous paring of target stimulus with aversive stimulus
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14
Q

what did bordnick et al find about aversion therapy

A
  • reduced cravings for cocaine
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15
Q

what did saeed et al find about aversion therapy

A
  • ineffective in reducing smoking
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16
Q

what is rational living

A
  • helps to achieve goals
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17
Q

what is irrational living

A
  • prevents from achieving goals
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18
Q

what is the ABC theory

A
  • people create their own emotional disturbances
  • A - activating event
  • B - belief
  • C - consequences
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19
Q

what are rational beliefs

A
  • healthy, productive, adaptive, consistent with social reality
  • preferences
    a - block goals
    b - i prefer to have goals unblocked
    c - frustration
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20
Q

what are irrational beliefs

A
  • rigid, dogmatic, unhealthy, maladaptive
  • demands, must, shoulds
    a - blocks goals
    b - i must have goals unblocked
    c - anxiety
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21
Q

what is musturbation

A
  • primary demanding beliefs
  • i must do well
  • awfulizing, damning self
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22
Q

what are secondary demanding beliefs

A
  • miserable about misery
  • awfulizing, damning
  • consequence becomes another activating event
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23
Q

what are the 2 main categories of neuroses

A
  • ego disturbance - view of self - i must do well - inadequacy
  • low frustration tolerance - expectation of external world - others should treat me well, conditions must allow me to get what i want
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24
Q

how did ellis thing we acquired beliefs

A
  • biological tendencies, social learning, choosing irrational cognitions
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25
Q

how did ellis believe we maintain beliefs

A
  • biological tendencies - short range hedonism
  • insufficient scientific thinking - lacks flexibility, testing, too absolutist
  • emphasizing awful past
  • reinforcing consequences
26
Q

what are the goals of CBT for ellis

A
  • add D and E
  • dispute beliefs and change them
27
Q

what are inelegant change goals in REBT

A

symptom removal
- new philosophy focused on specific issues

28
Q

what are elegant change goals in REBT

A
  • new philosophy for life
  • anti-musturbatory thinking
  • unconditional self, other, and life acceptance
29
Q

what is the therapeutic process of REBT

A
  • therapist as teacher
  • homework tasks
  • weekly, 5-50 sessions
  • relationships - unconditionally accepting, genuine, empathetic
30
Q

what are the types of scientific questioning in REBT

A
  • functional
  • empirical
  • logical
  • philosophical
31
Q

what are cognitive techniques in REBT

A
  • rational coping statements
  • cognitive homework - reminder cards
32
Q

what are emotive techniques in REBT

A
  • rational emotive imagery - imagine the worst A
  • role playing - rehearse
  • humour - take things less seriously
33
Q

what are behavioural techniques in REBT

A
  • shame-attacking - repeatedly do something shameful - refuse to feel ashamed and accept
  • assignments that challenge demandingness - do feared behaviour
  • reinforcement - rewards and penalties
34
Q

what did Grove et al 20201 find about REBT

A
  • REBT informed group therapy for veterans with PTSD reduced depression and PTSD symptoms
35
Q

what did Knapp et al 2023 find about REBT

A
  • reduced irrational beliefs and distress and increased self-acceptance for women at risk of exercise addiction
36
Q

what did misdeni et al 2019 find about REBT

A
  • reduced exam anxiety in school students
37
Q

what did Ahnmadabedi et al 2024 find about REBT

A
  • increased self control and reduced impulsivity for male prisoners
38
Q

what did david et al find about REBT

A
  • did a systematic review and meta- analysis
  • reviewed 84 studies which included an REBT intervention
  • found a medium effect size on most outcomes and irrational beliefs
39
Q

what are the principles of CT

A
  • information processing critical for survival
  • how we feel and behave is based on how we perceive and structure our experiences
  • schemas
40
Q

how do we develop psychological disorders according to CT

A
  • dysfunctional schema leads to systematic bias in info processing
41
Q

what is systematic bias

A

shift to rigid, absolutist thinking

42
Q

what is dichotomous thinking

A
  • evaluating experiences as extremes
43
Q

what is arbitrary inference

A

drawing conclusions without evidence

44
Q

what is magnification/minimalisation

A

evaluating events as far more or less important than they are

45
Q

what is selective abstraction

A

drawing only conclusions based on only a selection of evidence

46
Q

what is personalisation

A

evaluating events as related to the self

47
Q

what is over generalisation

A

drawing conclusions from one single event

48
Q

what are automatic thoughts

A
  • involuntary, recurring words or images that occur rapidly at the edge of awareness
  • reflect schema content
  • psychological disorder - NATs
49
Q

what is the cognitive triad

A
  • negative thoughts about self
  • negative thoughts about the world
  • negative thoughts about the future
50
Q

what are the goals of CBT

A
  • correct faulty info processing - symptom relief, remove systematic bias
  • treat beliefs and automatic thoughts
  • learn to become own therapist
51
Q

what is the process of CBT

A
  • initial session - functional and cognitive analysis
  • drawing up problem lists
  • weekly - 5-16 sessions
  • homework
  • rogerian therapeutic style
  • therapist is co-investigator
  • guided discovery
52
Q

what are the cognitive interventions in CBT

A
  • elicit and identify NATs
  • reality test and correct - socratic dialogues
  • identify and alter beliefs
53
Q

what are behavioural interventions in CBT

A
  • rating mastery
  • rehearsing behaviour
  • hypothesis testing
  • assigning graded tests
54
Q

what are third wave approaches

A
  • complement and extend CBT
  • more holistic, less symptom focused - promoting well being
  • looks at context and relationship with thoughts
  • concepts now widely used, evidenced and considered part of CBT
55
Q

what is dialectical behaviour therapy

A
  • dialectical - 2 opposite things can be true - accpeting yourself whilst trying to change
  • designed for BPD, depression
  • based on CBT but adapted to people who feel emotions very intensely
  • focus on self acceptance and learning to understand and regulate strong emotions
  • effective for eating disorders, BPD and reducing suicide attempts but not depression
56
Q

what is mindfulness based cognitive therapy

A
  • mindfulness techniques alongside CBT
  • learn to recognise thoughts without reacting
  • recommended for prevention of relapse of depression
57
Q

what is acceptance and commitment therapy

A
  • learning to accept and live with our thoughts and feelings rather than changing them
  • accept they are just thoughts
  • focus on learning individual values and setting goals that align with these values
  • used for physical and mental issues
58
Q

what did NICE systematic review find about CBT

A
  • effectiveness of CBT for depression and anxiety disorders
59
Q

what did DeRubeis et al find about CBT

A

placebo vs anti-depressant medication vs CT
- 16 weeks - CT just as effective as anti-depressant medication and more effective than placebo

60
Q

what did Hollon et al find about CBT

A
  • follow up
  • Ct has enduring effect - protect against symptom return
61
Q

what id Kani et al find about CBT

A
  • CBT for dental phobia
  • 5 CBT sessions - 79% patients had dental treatment without sedation
62
Q

how did Naeem et al adapt CBT

A
  • for use in Pakistan
  • more involvement in family members
  • explained concepts using relevant folk stories
  • translated jargon terms to Urdu equivalents

psychological approaches to therapy (6 decks)

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