Psychodynamic Approaches - 10

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

is the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in each person.

Question 2

Psychodynamic approaches to personality

Answer 2

approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control.

Question 3

Sigmund Freud

Answer 3

originated psychoanalytic theory in the early 1900s.

he thought that that much of our behaviour is motivated by the unconscious, a part of the personality of which a person is not aware.

Question 4

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 4

was Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.

Question 5

The Unconscious

Answer 5

is a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

Question 6

The id

Answer 6

pleasure seeking

(unconscious part of personality)

Question 7

The ego

Answer 7

the executive – controls id / superego

Question 8

The superego

Answer 8

conscience and ego-ideal – perfect version of you that you aspire to

Question 9

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 9

Developmental periods that Freud said children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.

Question 10

Fixations

Answer 10

Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

Question 11

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 11

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital

Question 12

Oral - Psychosexual Stage

Answer 12

Birth to 12–18 months

Interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting

Question 13

Anal -Psychosexual Stage

Answer 13

12–18 months to 3 years

Gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to terms with society’s controls relating to toilet training

Question 14

Phallic -Psychosexual Stage

Answer 14

3 to 5–6 years

Interest in the genitals, coming to terms with Oedipal conflict leading to identification with same-sex parent

Question 15

Latency –Psychosexual Stage

Answer 15

5–6 years to adolescence

Sexual concerns largely unimportant

Question 16

Genital - -Psychosexual Stage

Answer 16

Adolescence to adulthood

Re-emergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships

Question 17

Critiques of Freud

Answer 17

1. Lack of Empirical Evidence
2. Cultural and Gender Bias
3. Gender Stereotyping
4. Overemphasis on Early Childhood
5. Limited Applicability to Diverse Populations:
6. Neglect of Social and Environmental Factors
7. Limited Predictive Power
8. Ignoring Positive Aspects of Human Nature
9. Simplification of Parent-Child Relationships
10. Neglect of Positive Relationships
11. Undermining Sexual Abuse Stories

Question 18

Lack of Empirical Evidence

Critiques of Freud

Answer 18

Freud’s theory lacks empirical support, as his ideas were largely based on clinical observations and case studies.

Question 19

According to Freud, anxiety is a

Answer 19

a danger signal to the ego.

Question 20

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 20

are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others.

Question 21

The primary defence mechanism is

Answer 21

repression

Question 22

repression

Answer 22

unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.

Question 23

Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts

Answer 23

are psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.

The neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than Freud had on the functions of the ego, suggesting that it has more control than does the id over day-to-day activities

They also minimized the importance of sex as a driving force in people’s lives.

Furthermore, they paid greater attention to social factors and the effects of society and culture on personality development.

Question 24

One of the most influential neo-Freudians, Carl Jung

Answer 24

rejected Freud’s view of the primary importance of unconscious sexual urges.

Question 25

Collective unconscious

Answer 25

are, according to Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past.

Question 26

archetypes

(collective unconscious)

Answer 26

universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience.

archetypes play an important role in determining our day-to-day reactions, attitudes, and values.

Question 27

Karen Horney

Answer 27

was one of the first psychologists who championed women’s issues.