Psychiatry - Psychopathology (IV) Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. Sustain proliferative signalling
  2. Evade growth suppressors
  3. Activating invasion and metastasis
  4. Enabling replicative immortality
  5. Inducing angiogenesis
  6. Resisting cell death
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2
Q

List 6 differences between tumors

A
  1. Site/ organs
  2. Histology
  3. Biological characteristics: differentiation, gene/ receptor expression
  4. Natural behavior
  5. Metastasis pattern: Local infiltration, lymphatics spread or haematogenous spread
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3
Q

List some NCDs

A

Non-communicable diseases

Cancer, DM, CV diseases, chronic lung diseases

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4
Q

5 leading dietary/ behavioral risks for cancer deaths

A
High BMI 
Low fruit and vegetable intake 
Low physical activity 
Tobacco use *** (most important rf)
Alcohol use
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5
Q

List 5 most common cancers (both sex) in HK

A

Lung, Colorectal, Breast, Prostate, Liver

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6
Q

List top 5 deadly cancers (both sex) in HK

A

Lung, Colorectal, Liver, Breast, Pancreas

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7
Q

Incidence rate of cancer in <30, 45-59, and >65

A
<30 = <50/ 100,000
45-59 = 350/100,000
>65 = >1000/100,000
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8
Q

Top 3 cancer in children and adolescents

A
  1. Leukaemia
  2. Lymphoma
  3. CNS
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9
Q

Define age-specific rate and age-standardized rate?

A

Age specific rate: The number of health events occurring in a specific age group divided by the total population of that age group

Age standardized rate: weighted average of age specific rate per 100,000 people, standardized to the same age population in other countries

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10
Q

8 lifestyle recommendations to lower cancer risk

A

No smoking
No drinking (2 units/day for man, 1 unit/day for woman max)
Cut red-meat (500g/day max), processed meat and increase fruit and vegetables (3 portions each)
Take vaccinations
Avoid over exposure to UV
Breast feed
Regular exercise
Maintain healthy body weight (150min moderate activity per week)

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11
Q

List 5 screening programs for cancers

A

Colorectal cancer screening with FIT or FOBT
Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine
Low-dose CT scan for CA lung
Plasma EBV DNA for NPC
Germline mutation test for familial cancers

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12
Q

List 4 syndromes of lung cancer

A
  1. Superior vena cava syndrome
    - Dyspnea, facial swelling, dilated neck, chest wall veins
  2. Horner syndrome
    - Partial ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, enophthalmos
  3. Pancoast tumor
    - Pain at shoulder and arm, paresthesias, paresis, atrophy of thenar muscles of hand
  4. Paraneoplastic syndromes
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13
Q

List 5 paraneoplastic syndromes of lung cancer

A
  1. SIADH
  2. Cushing syndrome
  3. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (autoAb against NMJ)
  4. Hypercalcaemia
  5. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
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14
Q

Ddx of benign breast cancers

A
Fibroadenoma 
Adenoma 
Cysts 
Ductal ectasia 
Sclerosing adenosis 
Atypical ductal hyperplasia 
Atypical lobular hyperplasia 
Benign Phyllodes tumor
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15
Q

Systemic constitutional symptoms of malignancies

A

unintentional weight loss
anorexia
malaise

\+ symptoms of metastasis, e.g. 
Lung: cough, SOB 
Bone: bone pain, cord compression 
Liver: abdominal distention, jaundice 
Brain: headache, convulsion...etc
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16
Q

5 Factors that dictate treatment choice

A
Treatment efficacy 
Function preservation 
Toxicity 
Cost 
Patient's choice