Psychiatry - Psychopathology (IV) Flashcards
List 6 hallmarks of cancer
- Sustain proliferative signalling
- Evade growth suppressors
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Resisting cell death
List 6 differences between tumors
- Site/ organs
- Histology
- Biological characteristics: differentiation, gene/ receptor expression
- Natural behavior
- Metastasis pattern: Local infiltration, lymphatics spread or haematogenous spread
List some NCDs
Non-communicable diseases
Cancer, DM, CV diseases, chronic lung diseases
5 leading dietary/ behavioral risks for cancer deaths
High BMI Low fruit and vegetable intake Low physical activity Tobacco use *** (most important rf) Alcohol use
List 5 most common cancers (both sex) in HK
Lung, Colorectal, Breast, Prostate, Liver
List top 5 deadly cancers (both sex) in HK
Lung, Colorectal, Liver, Breast, Pancreas
Incidence rate of cancer in <30, 45-59, and >65
<30 = <50/ 100,000 45-59 = 350/100,000 >65 = >1000/100,000
Top 3 cancer in children and adolescents
- Leukaemia
- Lymphoma
- CNS
Define age-specific rate and age-standardized rate?
Age specific rate: The number of health events occurring in a specific age group divided by the total population of that age group
Age standardized rate: weighted average of age specific rate per 100,000 people, standardized to the same age population in other countries
8 lifestyle recommendations to lower cancer risk
No smoking
No drinking (2 units/day for man, 1 unit/day for woman max)
Cut red-meat (500g/day max), processed meat and increase fruit and vegetables (3 portions each)
Take vaccinations
Avoid over exposure to UV
Breast feed
Regular exercise
Maintain healthy body weight (150min moderate activity per week)
List 5 screening programs for cancers
Colorectal cancer screening with FIT or FOBT
Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine
Low-dose CT scan for CA lung
Plasma EBV DNA for NPC
Germline mutation test for familial cancers
List 4 syndromes of lung cancer
- Superior vena cava syndrome
- Dyspnea, facial swelling, dilated neck, chest wall veins - Horner syndrome
- Partial ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, enophthalmos - Pancoast tumor
- Pain at shoulder and arm, paresthesias, paresis, atrophy of thenar muscles of hand - Paraneoplastic syndromes
List 5 paraneoplastic syndromes of lung cancer
- SIADH
- Cushing syndrome
- Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (autoAb against NMJ)
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Ddx of benign breast cancers
Fibroadenoma Adenoma Cysts Ductal ectasia Sclerosing adenosis Atypical ductal hyperplasia Atypical lobular hyperplasia Benign Phyllodes tumor
Systemic constitutional symptoms of malignancies
unintentional weight loss
anorexia
malaise
\+ symptoms of metastasis, e.g. Lung: cough, SOB Bone: bone pain, cord compression Liver: abdominal distention, jaundice Brain: headache, convulsion...etc