Psychiatry-Normal Development

Question 1

1st psychosocial task (birth to 18 months)

Answer 1

“I trust people” (basic trust) must override “I do not trust people” (basic mistrust)

Question 2

Necessary for development of child’s mind and socialization

Answer 2

Attachment relationship between infants and parents.

Question 3

What are the innate capacities pre-programed in the infant?

Answer 3

Attend to facial stimuli, attend to human voices, physiologic requirements, attach to one emotionally pleasurable relationship and be assertive (explore and seek new stimuli).

Question 4

How did Piaget say infants acquire intelligence?

Answer 4

Being assertive to interact with people and things

Question 5

What are perceptions formed by the mind?

Answer 5

Schemas

Question 6

Early in life how does the mind determine what memories to keep and what memories to trash?

Answer 6

Keep the memories that have high emotional importance for physical survival and emotional attachment.

Question 7

A desire to fit a new perception into an existing schema or long-term memory.

Answer 7

Assimilation

Question 8

Restructuring or modifying an existing fact and/or forming a new fact or representation that adds to the child’s intelligence.

Answer 8

Accommodation

Question 9

Things involved in the process of learning

Answer 9

Assimilation and accommodation

Question 10

Style of infant behavior

Answer 10

Temperament. Easy = new situations met with expectant interest. Slow to adapt = new situations met with tentative approach. Difficut = new situations met with fear and fight/flight response

Question 11

Freud’s 1st stage of psychosexual development

Answer 11

Oral stage: infants use mouths to learn about bodies and social world.

Question 12

Direct role of father

Answer 12

Foster infant’s attachment to himself.

Question 13

Root of stranger anxiety

Answer 13

Retrieving the memory of mother’s face and comparing it to the perception of a new face.

Question 14

When do children experience a fight or flight mechanism (crying, gaze aversion, pushing away)?

Answer 14

When there is too low or too high of stimulation. You have to stay in the optimal stimulation range to evoke pleasurable emotions.

Question 15

What leads an infant to think that his parents don’t care about him?

Answer 15

Not assuaging the child’s anxiety.

Question 16

Erikson’s 2nd Psychosocial task of life

Answer 16

Trust people, be proud for being imaginative and curious.

Question 17

Erikson’s 3rd Psychosocial task of life

Answer 17

Trust people, no it’s okay to explore and be mentally curious about everything. This overrides separation anxiety and fear of injury.

Question 18

After age 3 kids gain an ability to find qualities and meaning in objects that they do not inherently possess

Answer 18

Ability to symbolize. This allows children to learn a language.

Question 19

After age 3 kids gain an ability to form mental representations of current perceptions, thoughts, emotions and memories.

Answer 19

Forming fantasies

Question 20

What is the function of fantasy formation?

Answer 20

To achieve vicarious gratification, to delay actions that may result in punishment

Question 21

What comes first in childhood language development, comprehension or expression?

Answer 21

Verbalization (expression).

Question 22

What happens to the child’s actions as they learn to verbalize?

Answer 22

Action dominance turns to verbal dominance and they express wishes and feelings as verbal fantasies that replace prohibited actions.

Question 23

Steps in sexual identity development

Answer 23

Imitation and identification with linked-sex heterosexual parent -> Discovery of anatomic sexual difference between boys and girls + life involves injury and pain -> body damage, separation and stranger anxiety

Question 24

Oedipal conflict

Answer 24

Girl fantasizes to marry dad and replace mother. Boy fantasizes to marry mom and replace father. Child is being chased by animals during this phase.

Question 25

What is the first resolution of the oedipal conflict?

Answer 25

Relinquishment of occupying same-sex parent’s role -> Re-identification with same-sex parent -> separation and body damage anxiety is diminished.

Question 26

1st phase in development of superego or conscience

Answer 26

Toddler learns parents rules about what he can and cannot do -> Child obeys parents

Question 27

2nd phase in development of superego or conscience

Answer 27

Parents’ rules and standards get internalized. Kids begin to feel guilt when fantasizing about disobeying.

Question 28

Internal signal when child thinks of disobeying one’s conscience

Answer 28

Superego anxiety. This results in a new internal motivator to obey one’s conscience and its signal of anxiety to avoid guilt.

Question 29

Major developmental tasks of late childhood (6-11 years old).

Answer 29

Establish a peer group and social identity.

Question 30

Rules in which a child interacts, plays, negotiates conflict and aspects the child chooses to reveal to his friends.

Answer 30

Peer identity.

Question 31

What happens after a child has transitioned from action dominance to speech dominance?

Answer 31

They transition to though dominance (thinking before speaking or acting)

Question 32

Latent state of childhood

Answer 32

Age 6-11 years old: sexual wishes are less blatant than they will be in adolescence.

Question 33

Who framed the idea of a child learning to assimilate and accommodate

Answer 33

PIJ

Question 34

Preparations for formal education

Answer 34

Overcome basic mistrust, become autonomous, become curious & inquisitive, achieve self-esteem with peers and be ready to be industrious.

Question 35

What characteristic is revealed when a child is assertive when it comes to show and tell?

Answer 35

Self-esteem development is going well and the child knows that his performances are admired by parents and other important people.

Question 36

Two functions of the conscience around 8 and 9 years old

Answer 36

Self-control and self-discipline. The child knows how to behave because he has a conscience and feels get when he obeys his conscience.

Question 37

What in childhood is very beneficial to future spouse relationship?

Answer 37

Childhood chum that you can confide in

Question 38

How should one’s identity be developed once it’s time to graduate high school?

Answer 38

It should be emancipated from parents and significant others. You maintain self-esteem even if your points of views are similar or different from others. You appreciate continuity in your life between past, present and future. This allows you to stay out of trouble, pick good friends and stay focused on life goals.

Question 39

What role do parents play in formation of an adolescent’s emancipated identity?

Answer 39

Consistent w/values and standards. Tolerate independence and not criticize dependency. Do not become overly competitive with peer group and support a good peer group, otherwise teenager will become rebellious

Question 40

What happens to a teen’s relationship with their opposite-sex parent as they develop their sexual identity?

Answer 40

They develop physical and emotional closeness with that parent, but some avoidance of that parent occurs and they start arguing with that parent in defense of the Oedipal complex until it is suppressed.

Question 41

Negative effects of masturbation

Answer 41

Replaces any sexual behaviors in front of peers and seriously derails developmental process

Question 42

How can preoccupation with academics affect sexual identity development?

Answer 42

Prolongs adolescents and “sexual energy” is put into books

Question 43

Two functions of the superego in the teenager

Answer 43

Self-control, self-discipline, maintain self-esteem