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Year 10 > psych2 > Flashcards

psych2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s empirical evidence?

A

Evidence collected through observation (experimentation).

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2
Q

What’s replication?

A

Repeating an experiment to make sure results are reliable (the same).

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3
Q

What’s pseudoscience?

A

A fake science or a set of beliefs that do not originate from the scientific method/objective information.

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4
Q

What’s the definition of psychology?

A

The<b> scientific</b> study of the behaviour & mental processes of humans & animals. <b>Conclusions about general behaviour patterns are made.</b>

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5
Q

How many types of Psychologists are there and what’s the acronym used? 

A

9 types. Some frogs collect colorful owls, especially new hatchlings cheerfully.

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6
Q

What are the different types of psychologists?

A

Sports<div>Forensics</div><div>Community</div><div>Counsellor</div><div>Organisational</div><div>Educational</div><div><b>NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST</b></div><div>Health</div><div><b>CLINICAL</b></div>

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7
Q

What’s the education course for psychologists?

A

A degree in psychology & then a post-graduate of 2 years or 2 years of full-time practice under a qualified pyschologist.

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8
Q

What’s the education course of a psychiatrist?

A

A medical degree & then a postgraduate in psychiatry.

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9
Q

How do psychologists treat patients?

A

Without prescribing drugs & through talk therapy.

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10
Q

In what areas do psychologists work?

A

A wide range.

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11
Q

How are psychiatrists allowed to treat mental health problems?

A

They’re allowed to perform medical procedures & prescribe drugs to treat the symptoms.

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12
Q

What area of work does psychiatry focus on?

A

They focus on the prevention, diagnosis & treatment of mental health problems.

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13
Q

What is the acronym used to remember the ethical principles?

A

When da hotdogs do it very cool.

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14
Q

What are the 7 ethical principles?

A

<div>Withdrawal rights</div>

<div>Deception</div>

<div>Harm (psychological)</div>

<div>Debriefing</div>

<div>Informed consent</div>

<div>Voluntary participation</div>

<div><b>Confidientiality.</b></div>

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15
Q

What’s an aim?

A

It’s a broad statement about the goal of the research.

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16
Q

How do you write an aim?

A

To investigate the effects of IV on DV.

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17
Q

What are the steps to the scientific method?

A

Identify the problem.
Formulate the hypothesis.
Design the research method.
Collect the data.
Analyse & interpret the data.
Report the results.

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18
Q

What else is the IV called and what’s done to it.

A

The cause variable. It’s manipulated to assess its effect on the DV.

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19
Q

What else is the DV called and what’s done it.

A

The effect variable. It’s measured to assess the effects of the IV.

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20
Q

What’s an extraneous variable?

A

A variable that’s not the IV/DV that may or can cause a change to the DV.

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21
Q

What does a confounding variable do?

A

Affectes the results & the experiment’s validity.

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22
Q

What do extraneous variables affect?

A

Either one of the DV or the IV.

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23
Q

What do confounding variables affect?

A

Both the DV and IV.

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24
Q

What’s the hypothesis?

A

Your prediction of what will happen in the experiment.

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25
Q

What will the hypothesis contain?

A

Both variants of the IV (will not drink & those who drink), the DV, the prediction & the population.

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26
Q

What is the population?

A

The larger group from which a sample is drawn.

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27
Q

What’s the sample?

A

The subset or portion of a larger population the sample is taken from.

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28
Q

What’s random sampling?

A

Randomly selecting participants from the larger population.

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29
Q

What’s stratified sampling?

A

Organising the population into smaller subgroups & then choosing participants from those subgroups in proportion to the population.

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30
Q

What’s random allocation?

A

Randomly allocating participants to either the control group or experimental group.

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31
Q

What is the BETWEEN SUBJECTS design?

A

When participants are randomly allocated to either control or experimental group.

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32
Q

What’s the WITHIN SUBJECTS design and what are the groups called?

A

When the participants participate in both the control & experimental <b>CONDITIONS.</b>

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33
Q

What’s a conclusion?

A

The end statement of an experiment.

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34
Q

What do you say in the conclusion?

A

Whether the hypothesis was SUPPORTED or REJECTED, while referring to the results & making a statement about the hypothesis.

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35
Q

What’s the definition of behaviour?

A

An action that can be observed or measured by a human.

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36
Q

What’s the definition of mental processes?

A

An individual’s personal thoughts & feelings that can’t be directly observed.

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37
Q

Define neuropsychology.

A

The study of the biological basis of behaviour & how brian dysfunction affects behaviour.

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38
Q

Define clinical psychology.

A

The prevention, diagnosis & treatment of a wide range of mental health & general health problems affecting adults & children.

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39
Q

Define community psychology & give an example of what they do.

A

Developing programs to improve the wellbeing of the community, like programs to improve homelessness.

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40
Q

Define counselling psychology.

A

Concerned with assisting personal relationships.

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41
Q

What’s educational/developmental psychology?

A

Concerned with the study of factors that affect the learning process from childhood to adulthood.

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42
Q

What’s forensic psychology?

A

Concerned with applying the psychological principles to the legal system.

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43
Q

What’s health psychology?

A

Concerned with the prevention & treatment of physical illness.

44
Q

What’s organisational psychology?

A

The study of factors that influence productivity in businesses, governments and industries.

45
Q

What’s sport psychology?

A

Concerned with physical performance & the facts that influence this performance.

46
Q

What’s the experimental group?

A

The group exposed to the experimental condition or the IV.

47
Q

What are the ethical concepts?

A

Justice<div>Non-maleficence</div><div>Beneficence</div><div>Integrity</div><div>Respect</div>

48
Q

Explain non-maleficence

A

Not seeking to do harm.

49
Q

Explain beneficence.

A

Seeking to do more good than harm.

50
Q

Explain justice.

A

Maintaining ethical code & done fairly.

51
Q

Explain integrity.

A

Keeping honest & not saying lies.

52
Q

Explain respect.

A

Considering everyone & everyone to be of value.

53
Q

Explain voluntary participation.

A

An individual isn’t forced or pressured to participate in an experiment.

54
Q

Explain informed consent.

A

Informed: Participants are given information about the experiment & their rights.<div>Consent: Written consent form participants or guardians.</div>

55
Q

Explain withdrawal rights.

A

A participant being able to discontinue their involvement at anytime in the experiment without consequences.

56
Q

Explain confidentiality.

A

The privacy, protection & security of a participants’s personal information.

57
Q

Explain deception.

A

To not explain the full truth to participants when it jeopardises the validity of the experiment. Must correct harmful effects & committee must approve it.

58
Q

Explain debriefing.

A

At the end of the experiment the participants understand the aim, results & conclusion. <div><br></br></div><div>Essential when deception is used. Questions are addressed. Support is provided so no lasting harm.</div>

59
Q

What are the types of memory stores?

A

Sensory, short-term & long-term.

60
Q

Define sensory memory.

A

The entry point of memory where exact replicas of information is stored for a very brief period.

61
Q

What’s the duration of short term memory?

A

0.2-4 seconds

62
Q

What’s the capacity of sensory memory?

A

unlimited.

63
Q

Define short-term memory.

A

The 2nd most active memory store that stores sensory information paid attention to. 

64
Q

What’s the duration of short-term memory?

A

18-30 seconds.

65
Q

What’s the capacity of short-term memory?

A

7 (-+2) items

66
Q

What’s the capacity of long-term memory?

A

unlimited

67
Q

What’s the duration of long-term memory?

A

Unlimited.

68
Q

What can long-term memory be divided into?

A

Explicit & Implicit memory.

69
Q

What’s explicit memory?

A

Memory with awareness.

70
Q

What’s implicit memory?

A

Memory without awareness.

71
Q

What’s semantic memory?

A

Facts & knowledge.

72
Q

What’s episodic memory?

A

Personal experiences & events.

73
Q

What’s eplicit memory divided into?

A

Semantic & episodic memory.

74
Q

What’s implicit memory divided into?

A

Procedural & Classically conditioned memory.

75
Q

What’s procedural memory?

A

Motor skills & actions.

76
Q

What’s classically conditioned memory?

A

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli.

77
Q

How is STM usually lost?

A

Through decay & displacement.

78
Q

What’s decay?

A

Losing info due to not being used.

79
Q

What’s displacement?

A

Being pushed out by new information.

80
Q

How can STM capacity be increased?

A

By chunking information.

81
Q

Define memory.

A

An active information-processing system that receives, stores, organises & recovers information.

82
Q

What’s encoding?

A

Converting information into a usable code that can be stored & represented in the memory system.

83
Q

What’s storage?

A

The retention of information in the memory system over time.

84
Q

What’s retrieval?

A

Locating info stored in memory & bringing it into consciousness when needed.

85
Q

How is information from STM encoded for LTM?

A

Through maintence & elaborative rehearsal.

86
Q

What’s selective attention?

A

Conciously attending to a specific stimulus & ignoring others.

87
Q

What’s divided attention?

A

Focusing on 2 or more activites at a time.

88
Q

What are automatic processes?

A

Tasks that require low levels of awareness, attention & mental effort.

89
Q

What are controlled processes?

A

Tasks that involve high awareness, attention & mental effort.

90
Q

Define iconic memory.

A

An exact replica of visual information.

91
Q

Define echoic memory.

A

An exact replica of auditory information.

92
Q

How long is iconic memory?

A

0.2-0.4 seconds.

93
Q

What’s the capacity of iconic memory?

A

Relativelh unlimited.

94
Q

What’s the duration of ehoic memory?

A

3-4 seconds.

95
Q

What’s the duration of echoic memory?

A

Relatively unlimited.

96
Q

How can you increase the duration of STM?

A

Through maintenance & elaborative rehearsal.

97
Q

What’s maintenace rehearsal?

A

Simple rote repetition of information to help retain it in short term memory.

98
Q

What’s elaborative rehearsal?

A

Adding meaning to informatin or linking it information already stored in LTM.

99
Q

What are context-dependent cues?

A

Environmental cues in the environment where the memory was formed, which enhance the retrieval of memories formed in that context when replicated.

100
Q

What are state-dependent cues?

A

Retrieval cues associated with your internal physiologica/psychological state at the time the memory was formed which enhance the retrieval of memories formed in that state.

101
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

A system or technique aiding memory retention.

102
Q

What are the 4 mnemonic devices?

A

Narative chainging, acronym, acrostic & the method of loci.

103
Q

What’s narrative chaining?

A

Linking unrelated items to create a story-like sequence of events.

104
Q

What’s acronym?

A

Constructing a pronounceable word using the 1st letter of each word of the information to be recalled.

105
Q

What’s acrostics?

A

Contructing a phrase/sentence from words that begin with the ifrst letter of the information to be recalled.

106
Q

What’s method of loci?

A

Visualising items to be recalled in a well-known series of locations, then taking a mental/physical journey through those locations to recall the info.

107
Q

What’s operant conditionning?

A

A type of learning involving association, learning through the association between a stimulus, a behaviour perfomed & the resulting consequence.

Year 10 (8 decks)

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