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bio2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The most basic unit that make up living things.

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

That cells are the simplest unit of living things & all living things are made of cells.

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3
Q

What does it mean if something is prokaryotic?

A

Made up of just one cell. Unicellular.

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4
Q

What does it mean if something is Eukaryotic?

A

A complex organism made up of many different types of cells.

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5
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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6
Q

Which organelles are different in plant & human cells?

A

Vacuoles (larger in plant cells)<br></br>Cell wall<br></br>Chloroplasts

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7
Q

Define a tissue. 

A

A group of similar cells that are joined together.

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8
Q

Order the levels of organisation of organisms (cells -> ___ -> ___)

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

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9
Q

Define organ

A

When a group of tissues are joined together to perform a specific function.

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10
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A phosphate group, a five-carbon deoxyribos sugar, nitrogenous base.

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11
Q

What do the deoxyribose sugar & nucleotides combine to make?

A

The sugar phosphate backbone.

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12
Q

What type of bond do the nitrogenous bases form?

A

A hydrogen bond.

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13
Q

How is DNA packaged into chromatin?

A

Dna is wrapped tightly into chromatin, which is then tightly wrapped around a protein called histone. 

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14
Q

What’s a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein.

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15
Q

What do coding genes code for?

A

A particular sequence of amino acids (3 base codons) that make a specific protein.

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16
Q

What’s transcription?

A

When a segment of DNA is copied to make mRNA (messenger RNA).

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17
Q

What’s translation (DNA)?

A

When ribosomes translate the RNA into protein.

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18
Q

How is protein made in the ribosome?

A

Carrier molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome, which then make long chain that folds into a complex protein.

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19
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded, uracil and has ribose.

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary Fission, Fragmentation & Budding.

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21
Q

What’s binary fission?

A

When a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size.

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22
Q

What’s fragmentation?

A

When a parent organism breaks into gragments and each fragment develops into a new organism.

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23
Q

What’s budding?

A

When a parent cell forms a bud, staying attached to the parent cell while it grows and develops. Once fully grown, it breaks away.

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24
Q

What are the stages of sexual reproduction (fertilisation)?

A
  1. Pre-fertilisation<br></br>2. Fertilisation<br></br>3. Post-fertilisation
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25
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Very fast
Little to no energy
Able to reproduce to make a large population quickly
26
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
None of the individuals of the same species are the same
High survival rates
Population more resistent to changes in environment
27
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
All individuals are virtually identical
High mortality rate
Population susceptible to widespread diseases & deaths
28
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Slow process
Lots of energy at cellular level
Slow population growth
29
What are the types of mutations to nitrogenous bases?
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion
30
What are frameshift mutations?
When over 1 nucelotide base is deleted or inserted & not in groups of 3.
31
What are the types of chromosome mutations?
Translocation, duplicaiton, inversion & deletion.
32
What's translocation?
Extra genes in a chromosome that it didn't have before.
33
What's inversion?
When genes are removed and re-attached bakcwards in chromosomes.
34
What's duplication in chromosomes?
When a chromosome has an extra copy of the same genes it already has.
35
What's deletion in chromosomal mutations?
When a chromosome loses a segment of genes.
36
What are the phases of mitosis?
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
37
What happens during interphase of mitosis?
The cell grows and replicates its DNA.
38
What happens during prophase of mitosis?
The chromosomes condense/coil tightly & the nucleolus disappears.
39
What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
The chromosomes align in the centre of the cell and attach to the microtubules to prepare to split apart.
40
What happens during anaphase of mitosis?
Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
41
What is the point of having chromosomes go to opposite ends of the cell?
To ensure each duaghter cell contains identical chromosomes after splitting.
42
What happens during telophase of mitosis?
To new nuclei form around each new set of chromosomes. The chromosomes decondense and the cells begint to split form each other.
43
What happens during the cytokinesis phase of mitosis?
The cytoplasm of the parent cell splits to form two identical daughter cells.
44
What type of cell does meiosis produce?
Gametes.
45
What's a diploid cell?
A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes.
46
What's a haploid cell?
A cell with a single set of chromosomes.
47
What's the outcome of meiosis?
Four daughter haploid cells (gametes).
48
What's the difference between mitosis & meisosis?
Meiosis is used only for producing gametes & they have 2 phases of divison.
49
What is a genome?
The entire collection of genes in an organism.
50
Do all parts of DNA code for proteins? What do they do?
No, they can switch genes on/off, allowing the cells to specialise. 
51
Give 2 examples of a cell specialising.
RBCs produce lots of haemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein. Skin cells produce a lot of keratin, to hold their structure.
52
What are the types of proteins?
They can be structural or functional.
53
What happens if a protein mixes up its amino acid?
It's shape gets mixed up & its unable to perform its function.
54
The structure of an enzyme & its substrate are complementary.
The structure of an enzyme & its substrate are complementary.
55
What's a zygote?
A single egg cell fertilised by a sperm cell.
56
Which enzyme unwinds DNA helix?
DNA helicase.
57
What's the definition of gamete?
A reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
58
What's a karyotype?
An individual's complete set of chromosomes.
59
What are homologous chromosomes?
A sister pair of chromatids, from both the father and the mother.
60
What's an autosome?
A chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome.
61
What's a sex chromosome?
A chromosome concerned in determining the sex of an organism. 
62
Define fertilisation.
The fusing of male & female gametes to produce a zygote.
63
Define haploid.
The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells.
64
Define diploid.
The presence of both pairs of chromosomes in an organism's cells.
65
Definition of allele?
Different forms of genes for a single trait.
66
Definition of dominant?
Gene that's always expressed.
67
Definition of heterozygous?
Genetypes made of 2 different alleles.
68
Definition of homozygous?
Genotypes made of the same alleles.
69
Definition of recessive?
Gene that's expressed only in the homozygous state.
70
Describe mutation.
A change in chromosomes or genes.
71
What's a point mutation?
A change in a single nucleotide of DNA.
72
What's a frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion of 1 or more nucleotides.
73
What's non-disjunction mutation? Why does it happen?
When spindle fibers fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with an extra chromosome or lacking a chromosome.
74
Definition of phenotype?
The physical expression of DNA.
75
Definition of genotype?
The specific combination of alleles a person has.
76
Defintion of allele?
Different forms of the same gene.
77
What are genetic traits?
Features passed down by genes from one generation to the next.
78
What are acquired traits?
Features that are gained over an individual's lifetime.
79
How do genetic variations occur?
Mutations in DNA sequences can produce new variations in traits.
80
Definition for evolution?
Any change in the genetic traits of a population over many generations.
81
Selective breeding has both advantages & disadvantages.
Selective breeding has both advantages & disadvantages.
82
Give an example of a positive situation with selective breeding.
Humans have selected the leadbeater possums with desirable traits and are slowly restoring the population.
83
Give an example of a negative situation with selective breeding.
Dashshunds have shortened legs due to artificial selection but this causes complicatoins (kneww joins, hip instability, back problems).
84
Acronym for helping remeber evidence for evolution
Helpless
Finches
Evolve
to avoid
Distaster
&
Death
85
What are homologous features?
Physical features shared due to evolutionary history. 
86
List a characteristic of a homologous feature.
Common structures often have similar patterns but different functions.
87
What are fossil records?
Preserved remains of organisms which show the evolution of organisms through time.
88
How have human skulls evolved from Australopithcus sediba to Homo sapien?
Eyebrow ridges are smaller
Skull is less elongated
Larger skulls to fit larger brains
89
How can DNA/Protein structure help show the evolutionary relationship between different species?
Before divergence, the species will have exactly the same protein with an identical sequence of amino acids. After divergence, the number of mutations gradually accumulate.
90
Define species.
A group of similar organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring.
91
Define natural selection.
The passing down of traits via genes from one generation to the next.
92
Define evolution.
The dying out or complete disappearance of a species.
93
Define genetic variation?
The differing physical traits present bewteen invididuals of the same species.

Year 10 (8 decks)

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