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Year 10 > bio2 > Flashcards

bio2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The most basic unit that make up living things.

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

That cells are the simplest unit of living things & all living things are made of cells.

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3
Q

What does it mean if something is prokaryotic?

A

Made up of just one cell. Unicellular.

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4
Q

What does it mean if something is Eukaryotic?

A

A complex organism made up of many different types of cells.

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5
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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6
Q

Which organelles are different in plant & human cells?

A

Vacuoles (larger in plant cells)<br></br>Cell wall<br></br>Chloroplasts

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7
Q

Define a tissue. 

A

A group of similar cells that are joined together.

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8
Q

Order the levels of organisation of organisms (cells -> ___ -> ___)

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

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9
Q

Define organ

A

When a group of tissues are joined together to perform a specific function.

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10
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A phosphate group, a five-carbon deoxyribos sugar, nitrogenous base.

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11
Q

What do the deoxyribose sugar & nucleotides combine to make?

A

The sugar phosphate backbone.

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12
Q

What type of bond do the nitrogenous bases form?

A

A hydrogen bond.

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13
Q

How is DNA packaged into chromatin?

A

Dna is wrapped tightly into chromatin, which is then tightly wrapped around a protein called histone. 

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14
Q

What’s a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein.

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15
Q

What do coding genes code for?

A

A particular sequence of amino acids (3 base codons) that make a specific protein.

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16
Q

What’s transcription?

A

When a segment of DNA is copied to make mRNA (messenger RNA).

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17
Q

What’s translation (DNA)?

A

When ribosomes translate the RNA into protein.

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18
Q

How is protein made in the ribosome?

A

Carrier molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome, which then make long chain that folds into a complex protein.

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19
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded, uracil and has ribose.

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary Fission, Fragmentation & Budding.

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21
Q

What’s binary fission?

A

When a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size.

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22
Q

What’s fragmentation?

A

When a parent organism breaks into gragments and each fragment develops into a new organism.

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23
Q

What’s budding?

A

When a parent cell forms a bud, staying attached to the parent cell while it grows and develops. Once fully grown, it breaks away.

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24
Q

What are the stages of sexual reproduction (fertilisation)?

A
  1. Pre-fertilisation<br></br>2. Fertilisation<br></br>3. Post-fertilisation
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25
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Very fast<br></br>Little to no energy<br></br>Able to reproduce to make a large population quickly

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26
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

None of the individuals of the same species are the same<br></br>High survival rates<br></br>Population more resistent to changes in environment

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

All individuals are virtually identical<br></br>High mortality rate<br></br>Population susceptible to widespread diseases & deaths

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Slow process<br></br>Lots of energy at cellular level<br></br>Slow population growth

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29
Q

What are the types of mutations to nitrogenous bases?

A

Substitution<br></br>Insertion<br></br>Deletion

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30
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

When over 1 nucelotide base is deleted or inserted & not in groups of 3.

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31
Q

What are the types of chromosome mutations?

A

Translocation, duplicaiton, inversion & deletion.

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32
Q

What’s translocation?

A

Extra genes in a chromosome that it didn’t have before.

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33
Q

What’s inversion?

A

When genes are removed and re-attached bakcwards in chromosomes.

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34
Q

What’s duplication in chromosomes?

A

When a chromosome has an extra copy of the same genes it already has.

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35
Q

What’s deletion in chromosomal mutations?

A

When a chromosome loses a segment of genes.

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36
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase<br></br>Prophase<br></br>Metaphase<br></br>Anaphase<br></br>Telophase

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37
Q

What happens during interphase of mitosis?

A

The cell grows and replicates its DNA.

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38
Q

What happens during prophase of mitosis?

A

The chromosomes condense/coil tightly & the nucleolus disappears.

39
Q

What happens during metaphase of mitosis?

A

The chromosomes align in the centre of the cell and attach to the microtubules to prepare to split apart.

40
Q

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

A

Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

41
Q

What is the point of having chromosomes go to opposite ends of the cell?

A

To ensure each duaghter cell contains identical chromosomes after splitting.

42
Q

What happens during telophase of mitosis?

A

To new nuclei form around each new set of chromosomes. The chromosomes decondense and the cells begint to split form each other.

43
Q

What happens during the cytokinesis phase of mitosis?

A

The cytoplasm of the parent cell splits to form two identical daughter cells.

44
Q

What type of cell does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes.

45
Q

What’s a diploid cell?

A

A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes.

46
Q

What’s a haploid cell?

A

A cell with a single set of chromosomes.

47
Q

What’s the outcome of meiosis?

A

Four daughter haploid cells (gametes).

48
Q

What’s the difference between mitosis & meisosis?

A

Meiosis is used only for producing gametes & they have 2 phases of divison.

49
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire collection of genes in an organism.

50
Q

Do all parts of DNA code for proteins? What do they do?

A

No, they can switch genes on/off, allowing the cells to specialise. 

51
Q

Give 2 examples of a cell specialising.

A

RBCs produce lots of haemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein. Skin cells produce a lot of keratin, to hold their structure.

52
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A

They can be structural or functional.

53
Q

What happens if a protein mixes up its amino acid?

A

It’s shape gets mixed up & its unable to perform its function.

54
Q

The structure of an enzyme & its substrate are complementary.

A

The structure of an enzyme & its substrate are complementary.

55
Q

What’s a zygote?

A

A single egg cell fertilised by a sperm cell.

56
Q

Which enzyme unwinds DNA helix?

A

DNA helicase.

57
Q

What’s the definition of gamete?

A

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant.

58
Q

What’s a karyotype?

A

An individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

59
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A sister pair of chromatids, from both the father and the mother.

60
Q

What’s an autosome?

A

A chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome.

61
Q

What’s a sex chromosome?

A

A chromosome concerned in determining the sex of an organism. 

62
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

The fusing of male & female gametes to produce a zygote.

63
Q

Define haploid.

A

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

64
Q

Define diploid.

A

The presence of both pairs of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

65
Q

Definition of allele?

A

Different forms of genes for a single trait.

66
Q

Definition of dominant?

A

Gene that’s always expressed.

67
Q

Definition of heterozygous?

A

Genetypes made of 2 different alleles.

68
Q

Definition of homozygous?

A

Genotypes made of the same alleles.

69
Q

Definition of recessive?

A

Gene that’s expressed only in the homozygous state.

70
Q

Describe mutation.

A

A change in chromosomes or genes.

71
Q

What’s a point mutation?

A

A change in a single nucleotide of DNA.

72
Q

What’s a frameshift mutation?

A

An insertion or deletion of 1 or more nucleotides.

73
Q

What’s non-disjunction mutation? Why does it happen?

A

When spindle fibers fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with an extra chromosome or lacking a chromosome.

74
Q

Definition of phenotype?

A

The physical expression of DNA.

75
Q

Definition of genotype?

A

The specific combination of alleles a person has.

76
Q

Defintion of allele?

A

Different forms of the same gene.

77
Q

What are genetic traits?

A

Features passed down by genes from one generation to the next.

78
Q

What are acquired traits?

A

Features that are gained over an individual’s lifetime.

79
Q

How do genetic variations occur?

A

Mutations in DNA sequences can produce new variations in traits.

80
Q

Definition for evolution?

A

Any change in the genetic traits of a population over many generations.

81
Q

Selective breeding has both advantages & disadvantages.

A

Selective breeding has both advantages & disadvantages.

82
Q

Give an example of a positive situation with selective breeding.

A

Humans have selected the leadbeater possums with desirable traits and are slowly restoring the population.

83
Q

Give an example of a negative situation with selective breeding.

A

Dashshunds have shortened legs due to artificial selection but this causes complicatoins (kneww joins, hip instability, back problems).

84
Q

Acronym for helping remeber evidence for evolution

A

<b>Helpless<br></br>Finches<br></br>Evolve</b><br></br>to avoid<br></br><b>Distaster</b><br></br>&<br></br><b>Death</b>

85
Q

What are homologous features?

A

Physical features shared due to evolutionary history. 

86
Q

List a characteristic of a homologous feature.

A

Common structures often have similar patterns but different functions.

87
Q

What are fossil records?

A

Preserved remains of organisms which show the evolution of organisms through time.

88
Q

How have human skulls evolved from Australopithcus sediba to Homo sapien?

A

Eyebrow ridges are smaller<br></br>Skull is less elongated<br></br>Larger skulls to fit larger brains

89
Q

How can DNA/Protein structure help show the evolutionary relationship between different species?

A

Before divergence, the species will have exactly the same protein with an identical sequence of amino acids. After divergence, the number of mutations gradually accumulate.

90
Q

Define species.

A

A group of similar organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring.

91
Q

Define natural selection.

A

The passing down of traits via genes from one generation to the next.

92
Q

Define evolution.

A

The dying out or complete disappearance of a species.

93
Q

Define genetic variation?

A

The differing physical traits present bewteen invididuals of the same species.

Year 10 (8 decks)

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