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Year 10 > bio1 > Flashcards

bio1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s natural selection?

A

The survival of organisms better adapted to their environment.

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2
Q

What are the factors of natural selection?

A

Variation, selection pressure, reproduction, evolution.

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3
Q

What’s variation in natural selection?

A

A difference in traits between individuals of the same species.

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4
Q

What’s selection pressure in natural selection?

A

A challenge that impacts the organism’s ability to better survive.

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5
Q

What’s reproduction got to do with natural selection?

A

Species who reproduce faster develop more mutations & can adapt faster to change.

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6
Q

What’s evolution in natural selection?

A

Any change to the genetic traits in a population over time.

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7
Q

Which of the 4 general steps of evolution should you mention when answering questions?

A

Variation, selection, reproduction, evolution

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8
Q

What’s genetic variation?

A

A difference in traits between individuals of the same species.

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9
Q

What’s convergent evolution?

A

Species don’t share a recent common ancestor but share similar features.

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10
Q

What’s divergent evolution?

A

Species share a common ancestor but diverge into new forms.

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11
Q

What’s the difference between artificial selection & natural selection?

A

Humans selecting for desirable traits instead of leaving the species to evolve & change gradually.

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12
Q

What’s evidence for evolution?

A

Homologous features
Fossil record
Embryonic development
DNA & protein structure
Distribution of current species

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13
Q

What’s a good plant example for selective breeding?

A

Corn.

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14
Q

What’s the defintion for genetic fitness?

A

When an individual exhibits genetic traits helpful for survival & reproduction.

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15
Q

Defintion of genotype?

A

A pair of alleles that influence the appearance of a particular trait.

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16
Q

Definition of phenotype?

A

The collection of traits observable in an organism.

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17
Q

Define dominant trait.

A

A trait or version of a gene that’s expressed even when only one copy is present.

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18
Q

Define recessive trait.

A

A feature that only appears when two alleles are present.

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19
Q

Definition of heterozygous?

A

A genotype in which the two alleles are different.

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20
Q

Definition of homozygous?

A

A genotype in which the two alleles are the same.

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21
Q

REVISE DIHYBRID CROSSES

A

REVISE DIHYBRID CROSSES

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22
Q

Describe what multiple alleles are.

A

When three or more alleles control a trait we say it’s controlled by multiple alleles.

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23
Q

PAY EXTRA ATTENTION TO THE QUESTION’S KEY WORDS

A

BRING A HIGHLIGHTER

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24
Q

DON’T CONFUSE SPOUSES FOR CHILDREN IN PEDIGREE CHARTS.

A

DON’T CONFUSE SPOUSES FOR CHILDREN IN PEDIGREE CHARTS.

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25
Q

Mention the chance when comparing predicted & actual phenotypic ratios (like 50% for each trait).

A

Mention the chance when comparing predicted & actual phenotypic ratios (like 50% for each trait).

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26
Q

EXPLAIN FROM WHICH PARENT THE OFFSPRING INHERITS THEIR ALLELES FROM.

A

EXPLAIN FROM WHICH PARENT THE OFFSPRING INHERITS THEIR ALLELES FROM.

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27
Q

What’s co-dominance?

A

When both alleles are equally dominant & both phenotypes are expressed.

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28
Q

What’s incomplete dominance? What’s the result?

A

When one allele partially masks the other. The heterozygous phenotype is a blend between the dominant & recessive.

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29
Q

Define mutation.

A

Changes that can occur in an organism’s DNA.

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30
Q

When are mutations made?

A

When a cell divides or when protein producing instructions are being copied.

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31
Q

What are the factors that can contribute to mutations? Give an example.

A

Background radiation or chemicals we come into contact with (chemicals in cigarette smoke).

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32
Q

Where do mutations happen?

A

Chromosome level or changes to the base sequence of the DNA.

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33
Q

What are non-disjunction mutations?

A

When chromosomes fail to separate correctly during meiosis or mitosis.

34
Q

What are point mutations?

A

A mutation to only one DNA base.

35
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

When the mutation shifts the reading frame/a bunch of amino acids.

36
Q

What are the 2 types of frameshift mutations?

A

Inesrtion or deletion of a single base.

37
Q

What does substitution mess up?

A

Usually only one amino acid.

38
Q

Define biodiversity.

A

The the variety of life on earth.

39
Q

Define genetic diversity.

A

The amount of variation in a species.

40
Q

Define homologous chromosomes.

A

Two chromosomes that contain versions of the same gene.

41
Q

Define autosome.

A

A chromosome that’s not a sex chromosome.

42
Q

Define gametes.

A

Haploid reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms that fuse with one another during fertilisation.

43
Q

Define sex chromosomes. What are they involved in?

A

Chromosomes involved in determing sex & sex-linked traits.

44
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

The joining of an egg & a sperm to form a new organism.

45
Q

Define a karyotype?

A

The complete set of chromosomes in a cell.

46
Q

Define haploid.

A

A single set of unpaired chromosomes.

47
Q

Define diploid.

A

Containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

48
Q

Define zygote.

A

The diploid cell formed when 2 gametes fuse during fertilisation.

49
Q

What are advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

It’s very fast, requires little energy & is able to make a large population quickly.

50
Q

What are disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

All individuals are virtually identical, high mortality rates & population is susceptible to change.

51
Q

What are advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Almost no individuals are the same, very high survival rates & population more resistant to changes.

52
Q

What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

It’s a slow process, requires lots of energy & is a slow population growth.

53
Q

What are the stages of sexual reproduction?

A

Pre-fertilisation, fertilisation & post-fertilisation.

54
Q

How does sexual reproduction work?

A

Gamete cells from both parents fuse to create an offspring/zygote.

55
Q

What does asexual repoduction produce?

A

Produces offspring genetically identical to the ONE parent.

56
Q

Define reproduction.

A

Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. There are 2 basic types of reproduction: asexual & sexual reproduction.

57
Q

What’s asexual reproduction?

A

It involves a single parents & results in genetically identical offspring.

58
Q

What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission, fragmentation & budding.

59
Q

What’s binary fission?

A

When a parent cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells.

60
Q

What’s fragmentation?

A

When a parent organism breaks into gragments/pieces & each develops into a new organism.

61
Q

What’s budding?

A

When a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell while it grows & develops, then breaks away when it’s fully developed.

62
Q

Define gene.

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome.

63
Q

Explain how genetic information is passed on to offspring from both parents by meiosis and fertilisation

A

Gametes from each parent combine to form a zygote containing genetic info from each parent during fertilisation.

64
Q

what are the common cell structures between plant & animal cells?

A

cell membrane, nucleus & cytoplasm.

65
Q

what are the unique cell structures in plant cells?

A

vacuoles, chloroplasts & cell walls.

66
Q

what are the basic features of a prokaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasm, free-flowing dna, flagellum, cell wall + membrane, ribosomes etc

67
Q

what is a specialised cell? give an example.

A

a cell that has a special shape & structure to help do its job. rbc.

68
Q

what’s the watson-crick model of DNA?

A

the sugar phosphate backbone and the 4 bases connected with a hydrogen bond.

69
Q

what’s the relationship between cell, nucleus, chromosomes, dna & gene?

A

in the nucleus of each cell, dna molecules are wrapped tightly into chromosomes. genes are specific sections of the dna molecule.

70
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

it controls what goes in and out of the cell.

71
Q

how is dna replicated?

A

dna helicase unzips the dna template while dna polymerase takes free floating nucleotides and attaches them to the complementary bases.

72
Q

what type of evolution is like evolution by isolation?

A

divergent evolution.

73
Q

what’s the role of dna in inheritance?

A

dna contains genes which control how many or what type of proteins are used that cause physical traits in people. these traits are then passed onto offspring via dna.

74
Q

what’s homologous evolution?

A

different species having similar structured traits repurposed due to having a common ancestor.

75
Q

what happens during interphase?

A

the dna duplicates.

76
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm splits between the two cells.

77
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

a nuclear membrane evolves around the newly split DNA.

78
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

the dna is split to opposite parts of the cell?

79
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

the dna condenses & the nuclear envelope dissolves.

80
Q

what else happens during prophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes pair up & then cross their DNA. one came from mum & one come from dad.

81
Q

what’s different in metaphase 1?

A

the chromosomes pair up & line up in a not straight line.

82
Q

how many chromosomes & chromatids would a diploid cell have?

A

46 chromosomes & 46 chromatids.

Year 10 (8 decks)

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