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bio1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s natural selection?

A

The survival of organisms better adapted to their environment.

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2
Q

What are the factors of natural selection?

A

Variation, selection pressure, reproduction, evolution.

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3
Q

What’s variation in natural selection?

A

A difference in traits between individuals of the same species.

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4
Q

What’s selection pressure in natural selection?

A

A challenge that impacts the organism’s ability to better survive.

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5
Q

What’s reproduction got to do with natural selection?

A

Species who reproduce faster develop more mutations & can adapt faster to change.

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6
Q

What’s evolution in natural selection?

A

Any change to the genetic traits in a population over time.

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7
Q

Which of the 4 general steps of evolution should you mention when answering questions?

A

Variation, selection, reproduction, evolution

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8
Q

What’s genetic variation?

A

A difference in traits between individuals of the same species.

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9
Q

What’s convergent evolution?

A

Species don’t share a recent common ancestor but share similar features.

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10
Q

What’s divergent evolution?

A

Species share a common ancestor but diverge into new forms.

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11
Q

What’s the difference between artificial selection & natural selection?

A

Humans selecting for desirable traits instead of leaving the species to evolve & change gradually.

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12
Q

What’s evidence for evolution?

A

Homologous features
Fossil record
Embryonic development
DNA & protein structure
Distribution of current species

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13
Q

What’s a good plant example for selective breeding?

A

Corn.

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14
Q

What’s the defintion for genetic fitness?

A

When an individual exhibits genetic traits helpful for survival & reproduction.

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15
Q

Defintion of genotype?

A

A pair of alleles that influence the appearance of a particular trait.

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16
Q

Definition of phenotype?

A

The collection of traits observable in an organism.

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17
Q

Define dominant trait.

A

A trait or version of a gene that’s expressed even when only one copy is present.

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18
Q

Define recessive trait.

A

A feature that only appears when two alleles are present.

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19
Q

Definition of heterozygous?

A

A genotype in which the two alleles are different.

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20
Q

Definition of homozygous?

A

A genotype in which the two alleles are the same.

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21
Q

REVISE DIHYBRID CROSSES

A

REVISE DIHYBRID CROSSES

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22
Q

Describe what multiple alleles are.

A

When three or more alleles control a trait we say it’s controlled by multiple alleles.

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23
Q

PAY EXTRA ATTENTION TO THE QUESTION’S KEY WORDS

A

BRING A HIGHLIGHTER

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24
Q

DON’T CONFUSE SPOUSES FOR CHILDREN IN PEDIGREE CHARTS.

A

DON’T CONFUSE SPOUSES FOR CHILDREN IN PEDIGREE CHARTS.

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25
Mention the chance when comparing predicted & actual phenotypic ratios (like 50% for each trait).
Mention the chance when comparing predicted & actual phenotypic ratios (like 50% for each trait).
26
EXPLAIN FROM WHICH PARENT THE OFFSPRING INHERITS THEIR ALLELES FROM.
EXPLAIN FROM WHICH PARENT THE OFFSPRING INHERITS THEIR ALLELES FROM.
27
What's co-dominance?
When both alleles are equally dominant & both phenotypes are expressed.
28
What's incomplete dominance? What's the result?
When one allele partially masks the other. The heterozygous phenotype is a blend between the dominant & recessive.
29
Define mutation.
Changes that can occur in an organism's DNA.
30
When are mutations made?
When a cell divides or when protein producing instructions are being copied.
31
What are the factors that can contribute to mutations? Give an example.
Background radiation or chemicals we come into contact with (chemicals in cigarette smoke).
32
Where do mutations happen?
Chromosome level or changes to the base sequence of the DNA.
33
What are non-disjunction mutations?
When chromosomes fail to separate correctly during meiosis or mitosis.
34
What are point mutations?
A mutation to only one DNA base.
35
What are frameshift mutations?
When the mutation shifts the reading frame/a bunch of amino acids.
36
What are the 2 types of frameshift mutations?
Inesrtion or deletion of a single base.
37
What does substitution mess up?
Usually only one amino acid.
38
Define biodiversity.
The the variety of life on earth.
39
Define genetic diversity.
The amount of variation in a species.
40
Define homologous chromosomes.
Two chromosomes that contain versions of the same gene.
41
Define autosome.
A chromosome that's not a sex chromosome.
42
Define gametes.
Haploid reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms that fuse with one another during fertilisation.
43
Define sex chromosomes. What are they involved in?
Chromosomes involved in determing sex & sex-linked traits.
44
Define fertilisation.
The joining of an egg & a sperm to form a new organism.
45
Define a karyotype?
The complete set of chromosomes in a cell.
46
Define haploid.
A single set of unpaired chromosomes.
47
Define diploid.
Containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
48
Define zygote.
The diploid cell formed when 2 gametes fuse during fertilisation.
49
What are advantages of asexual reproduction?
It's very fast, requires little energy & is able to make a large population quickly.
50
What are disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
All individuals are virtually identical, high mortality rates & population is susceptible to change.
51
What are advantages of sexual reproduction?
Almost no individuals are the same, very high survival rates & population more resistant to changes.
52
What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
It's a slow process, requires lots of energy & is a slow population growth.
53
What are the stages of sexual reproduction?
Pre-fertilisation, fertilisation & post-fertilisation.
54
How does sexual reproduction work?
Gamete cells from both parents fuse to create an offspring/zygote.
55
What does asexual repoduction produce?
Produces offspring genetically identical to the ONE parent.
56
Define reproduction.
Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. There are 2 basic types of reproduction: asexual & sexual reproduction.
57
What's asexual reproduction?
It involves a single parents & results in genetically identical offspring.
58
What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission, fragmentation & budding.
59
What's binary fission?
When a parent cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells.
60
What's fragmentation?
When a parent organism breaks into gragments/pieces & each develops into a new organism.
61
What's budding?
When a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell while it grows & develops, then breaks away when it's fully developed.
62
Define gene.
A small section of DNA on a chromosome.
63
Explain how genetic information is passed on to offspring from both parents by meiosis and fertilisation
Gametes from each parent combine to form a zygote containing genetic info from each parent during fertilisation.
64
what are the common cell structures between plant & animal cells?
cell membrane, nucleus & cytoplasm.
65
what are the unique cell structures in plant cells?
vacuoles, chloroplasts & cell walls.
66
what are the basic features of a prokaryotic cell?
cytoplasm, free-flowing dna, flagellum, cell wall + membrane, ribosomes etc
67
what is a specialised cell? give an example.
a cell that has a special shape & structure to help do its job. rbc.
68
what's the watson-crick model of DNA?
the sugar phosphate backbone and the 4 bases connected with a hydrogen bond.
69
what's the relationship between cell, nucleus, chromosomes, dna & gene?
in the nucleus of each cell, dna molecules are wrapped tightly into chromosomes. genes are specific sections of the dna molecule.
70
what does the cell membrane do?
it controls what goes in and out of the cell.
71
how is dna replicated?
dna helicase unzips the dna template while dna polymerase takes free floating nucleotides and attaches them to the complementary bases.
72
what type of evolution is like evolution by isolation?
divergent evolution.
73
what's the role of dna in inheritance?
dna contains genes which control how many or what type of proteins are used that cause physical traits in people. these traits are then passed onto offspring via dna.
74
what's homologous evolution?
different species having similar structured traits repurposed due to having a common ancestor.
75
what happens during interphase?
the dna duplicates.
76
what happens during cytokinesis?
the cytoplasm splits between the two cells.
77
what happens during telophase?
a nuclear membrane evolves around the newly split DNA.
78
what happens during anaphase?
the dna is split to opposite parts of the cell?
79
what happens during prophase?
the dna condenses & the nuclear envelope dissolves.
80
what else happens during prophase 1
homologous chromosomes pair up & then cross their DNA. one came from mum & one come from dad.
81
what's different in metaphase 1?
the chromosomes pair up & line up in a not straight line.
82
how many chromosomes & chromatids would a diploid cell have?
46 chromosomes & 46 chromatids.

Year 10 (8 decks)

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