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Psych 453 > Psych Unit 7 > Flashcards

Psych Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Contraception - World View

A
  • a lot of women are sterilized
  • the pill is common
  • in Egypt, a lot of people use IUDs
  • in the US, most people use the pill
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2
Q

How do Contraceptives Work – Video

A
  • designed to prevent pregnancy
  • they block the sperm (condoms prevent the sperm from entering the vagina)

IUD, condoms, spermicide and other contraceptives are effective but most effective when used correctly

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3
Q

The Pill (Birth Control)

A

commonly used in the US

combination pill: contains estrogen and progestin (synthetic form of progesterone) (progestin and estorgen levels = high)
**increases estrogen levels and decreases FSH production

  • take higher doses of this than natural levels for 21 days
    • they take 3 weeks of the pill and than a week of the sugar pills
  • ideal time = as soon as you get the prescription

how it works:
- suppresses ovulation
- high levels of progestin inhibit LH production so the message to release the egg is never sent out

side effects:
- they thicken the cervical mucus which makes it difficult for the sperm to enter and thickens the endometrium lining so it’s inhospitable for implantation
- the flow of your period is reduced usually because of the progestin has inhibited the endometrium

**the pill doesn’t trick your body into thinking it’s pregnant — it thinks you already ovulated (but the egg never gets released)

things that can affect the pill’s ability to work:
- some antibiotics and some anti-depressants

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4
Q

Other Pills

A

Seasonale:
- only get period once every 3 months

Loestrin 24:
- 24 active pills and 4 inactive pills (shorter period)

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5
Q

The Pill Research

A
  • no evidence says it can increase the likelihood of getting cervical, breast, uterine cancer
  • some research shows that it can protect people from endometrial and ovarian cancer
  • it may aggravate already existing breast cancer
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6
Q

Health Risks of The Pill

A

Thromboembolic disorders (blood clots) especially for women over 35 who smoke or women with family history of thromboembolic disorders

  • increased risk of STIs (only bc some people who use the pill don’t wear a condom)
  • the pill can make the vagina more susceptible to STIs (HIV too)
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7
Q

Psychological Factors of The Pill

A
  • unrelated to depression
  • some ppl have decreased desire for sex
  • the hormones affect ppl differently

Women who do report depression:
- could be a side affect of progesterone
- switching to another BC brand could fix the problem

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8
Q

Benefits of The Pill

A
  • form of protection
  • reduces period flow and can help with cramps
  • can clear up acne
  • covered by insurance under the Affordable Care Act (ACA)
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9
Q

The Mini-Pill

A
  • not combination pills (low dose of progestin only)
  • helpful for people who are sensitive to estrogen

works:
- changes cervical mucus so sperm can’t get through
- inhibits implantation and ovulation
- can be used during breastfeeding (combo pills can’t bc they reduce milk production)

  • don’t use mini pill either 6 wks post-birth bc trace hormones can be passed to infant
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10
Q

Failure Rates

A

failure rates = if 100 ppl use that contraceptive for a year, the number of them who become pregnant during that first year

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11
Q

Failure Rates of The Pill

A

5 out of 100 ppl get pregnant
- 95% effective

perfect users = 0.3% failure rate
typical users = they may miss the pill sometimes
- 7% failure rate

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12
Q

The Patch

A

other type of hormonal contraceptive
- estrogen and progestin
- transmitted transdermally (put on skin)
- put 1 patch on for 3 weeks
- 4th week = no patch

warning: may be less effective for people who weigh more than 200 pounds

  • condoms should be used during the first few times of sex to make sure the patch has time to work
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13
Q

The Ring

A

Hormonal contraceptive
- insert ring like diaphragm
- leave in for 3 weeks
- no ring for 4th week
- then get a new ring after 4th week of no ring
- estrogen and progestin

failure rates = similar to The Pill

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14
Q

Emergency Contraception: Plan B

A

can buy plan B over the counter!!!

  • high dose of progestin
  • should take plan B ASAP
  • most effective within 24 hours after having intercourse (but must be used within 120 hours after having intercourse)

mode of action:
- could prevent ovulation, inhibit sperm function, prevent fertilization, inhibit endometrium

**not an abortion
**prevents conception from happening

side effects:
- nausea
- can change cycle and make it irregular

effective = 62-85%
- not as effective as IUD, The Pill, ring, patch

Pregnancy rates = 0.5-2%

**they were concerned that if they made Plan B available over the counter, teens would have more unprotected sex –> this did not happen

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15
Q

Emergency Contraception: Ella

A

diff brand of Plan B
- need prescription
- UPA drug
- anti-progestin

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16
Q

Emergency Contraception: IUD

A
  • Insertion of an IUD (copper ones work better) within 5 days after having intercourse can act as a form of contraception
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17
Q

LARC

A

Long-Acting Reversible Contraception:

  • injections
  • implants
  • IUDs

**LARCs are preferred method bc they don’t rely on the user and have low failure rates (ex: don’t have to remember to take a pill, switch the patch…)

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18
Q

Depo-Provera Injection: The Shot

A

progestin method
- administered by a shot
- some ppl think it’s a LARC bc you have to get the shot every 3 months
- highly effective (4% failure rate)

  • minimal side effects
  • have to remember to get the shot every 3 months
  • sometimes results in having no period at all
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19
Q

Implants

A
  • thin rod or tube containing progestin
  • implanted below the skin in your arm
  • effective for 4 years
  • works like other progestin methods (increases mucus…)

advantages:
- don’t have to remember to take something as often

disadvantages:
- can change menstrual bleeding patterns (get it removed if this happens)

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20
Q

Copper IUDs

A
  • changes enzymes in uterus so implantation is unlikely
  • makes it hard for the sperm to move and swim towards the egg

side effects:
- menstrual cramps
- irregular bleeding
- increased period flow

failure rate = 0.8% for the first year and then lower after that

  • effective for 12 years
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21
Q

Hormonal IUDs

A
  • skyla, marina, kyleena, Liletta
  • progestin methods
  • release progestin directly into the uterus
  • disrupts ovulation by reducing the uterine lining
  • effective for 3-6 years (depends on which one you get)

side effects:
- reduced period flow (20% of ppl stop bleeding at all)

typical failure rate = 0.8%

cost = expensive but can be covered under the ACA

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22
Q

Barrier Methods

A

Diaphragm, Male Condom, Dental Dam, Female Condom

23
Q

Diaphragm

A

molded, silicone or rubber device inserted with a nylon spring around the edge
- put into the vaginal canal and pushed up against the cervix

  • one of the earliest effective methods of contraception
  • works by blocking the entrance to the uterus so sperm can’t get in (spermicide is applied to it)
  • may insert 6 hours before intercourse
  • must leave in place 6 hours after sex

typical failure rate = 17%

24
Q

Male Condom

A
  • works by blocking sperm from entering vagina
  • new condom must be used each time before intercourse
  • users have to be careful removing it to prevent leakage
  • have non-latex and latex condoms
    Polyurethane = condoms made out of this material are less likely to tear than latex condoms

typical failure rate = 13%
perfect failure rate = 2%

*can protect against STIs too!!!

25
Dental Dam
thin piece of latex that goes over the vulva during cunnulingus (oral sex) - protects against STIs
26
Female Condom
resembles a clear balloon - 2 rings at each end - one ring inserted into vagina - one ring is spread over the vaginal entrance perfect-user rate = 5% typical-failure rate = 21%
27
Rhythm Methods
Fertility Awareness Methods, Calandar Methods, Standard Days Method - high failure rate (15-20%) - basal body temp. - cervical mucus method - Mucus and BBT - home ovulation tests - Sympto-Thermal method
28
Fertility Awareness Method
- determine when ovulation occurs and don't have sex during that time - sperm can survive for 5 days (usually 3) - eggs can fertilized for 12-24 hours after ovulation
29
Calendar Method
don't have sex 3 days before ovulation - don't have sex 2 days after ovulation ex: if you have a perfect, regular period - days 13-15 don't have sex
30
Standard Days Method
assume most women have cycles 26-32 days - abstain days 8-19 - Cycle Beads can help keep track of this
31
Cycle Beads
- app for this - the colors of the beads tell you where you are in the cycle of your period
32
New Birth Control for Men
Contraline: - implant a contraceptive gel into males - gel gets implants into the vas defrens - the gel is meant to block the flow of sperm to the vas - implants under anesthesia (IUDS ARE NOT!!!) *still testing to see if this method is reversible and if it affects fertility rates
33
Vasectomy
male sterilization - most common sterilization for men - inject the vas with local anesthetic procedure: - doctor makes a cut over one of the vas' - they clamp the vas, remove the segments, and tie the end - the scrotum gets elevated to prevent the vas from returning to its original position - doesn't interfere with erection or sex hormone production (testes continue to make them) - ejaculate fluid comes mostly from the prostate and seminal vesicles - ejaculate is still produced normally but no sperm in it
34
Laparotomy
female sterilization -- tying your tubes - the fallopian tubes get tied off and cut apart - some research says it can be reversible, but we don't know if this is true *ppl used to pushback on this because they wanted to make sure women wanted to do this -- now there's more willingness to do it
35
Other Contraceptive Methods (in book)
- FemCap, Sponge - Spermicides - Withdrawl (DONT DO THIS failure rates = 20%)
36
Which are Better Forms of Contraception
Better: IUD, Depo Provera (the shot), combination pill, male condom, female sterilization Worse: diaphragm and jelly, foam, rhythm method, unprotected sex!!!!
37
How to Know Which Method to Pick
- each person is different - some ppl do combos (ex: IUD and condom) - look at your own health history - how often are you having sex? - do you want more permanent prevention?
38
Teen Pregnancy
- teen pregnancy rates have dropped a lot in the US - 450,000 teen pregnancies per year in the US - usually happens because people don't use contraception at all - 29% = abortions - 57% = live births - 14% = miscarriages about 10% of girls don't use contraception at all - 49% of women who get an abortion didn't use any contraception at all
39
Abortion
**Abortion is not contraception!!! - abortion can only happen after conception has happened - medical abortions account for 42% of abortions in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy
40
Medical Abortions
- 42% of abortions use medical abortions in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy medical abortions/pill based abortions: - mifepristone and misprostol - FDA approves medical abortion for 10 wks after conception - some pills can be sent by mail, but some states require a in-person visit mifeprostone = blocks the hormone progesterone - (helps expel everything from the cervix too) misoprostal: - take 4 of these pills at once - softens cervix (causes contractions to clear the cervix) - bleeding and cramping misoprostal and mifepristone: - take together - if they don't work, you can get another round of the pills or get a abortion in person symptoms: bleeding, cramping, nausea, headaches **if you have an ectopic pregnancy, you can't get a medical abortion **more common than a surgical abortion
41
Surgical Abortions
- 49% of abortions = surgical abortions - can be performed in most states in the first trimester vacuum aspiration: - uterus is emptied using a gentle suction - 95-99% effective when perfomed by a doctor - can use manual or electric vacuum how it's done: - a thin tube gets inserted into the uterus and sucks up the contents - some get local anesthetic or sedation - should take 5-10 mins to do after: rest - might have some irregular bleeding - cramps are normal too
42
Period After Abortion
- should return within 4-6 weeks after abortion - if 8 weeks pass with no period, make sure your abortion worked - sex can be resumed anytime after but wait until the bleeding stops
43
Psych Considerations: Abortions
- a study asked ppl why they had an abortion: - many said because of work, education or ability to care for the baby, they can't afford a baby, they don't want to be a single mother - some women didn't want to have more kids - less than 1% said they had one because their partner wanted them to
44
Implications for Women After Abortion
- most women don't experience negative feelings after having an abortion Turnaway Study: 1. women near limit abortion group 2. women who don't receive an abortion (turnaway group) 3. first trimester abortion groups - the women that were denied an abortion experience mental health issues - women who couldn't get one experienced worse physical health
45
Implications for Children: Abortion
Czech Study: researchers followed children who were born from women who were denied an abortion and kids who's mothers wanted them - in Czech, abortions need to be approved by the gov. results: - by age 14, the kids needed mental health counseling - no difference in intelligence between the groups - kids who were born from mothers who didn't want them were more likely to drop out of school - at 16, boys feel neglected by their moms - in early 20s, the kids reported less job satisfaction, more interpersonal conflicts, and fewer friends
46
Fem Cap
- vaginal barrier similar to the diapragm - made of silicone - should be used with a spermicide
47
Sponge
- small - contains a spermicide and is inserted like the diapraghm
48
Spermicides
- contraceptive foams, creams, jellies = spermicides - pushed up near the cervix - must be left in 6-8 hours after sex chemical: - the spermicidal chemical kills the sperm failure rate = 21% - some people have an allergic reaction to it - they don't protect against STIs or HIV
49
Withdrawl (Pulling Out)
- man ejaculates outside of the vagina - not very effective - failure rate = 20% - pre-cum can cause contraception - sperm can get into vagina if ejaculation occurs to close to it
50
Abortions for Second Trimester Pregnancies
Dialation and evacuation
51
Men and Abortion
82% of men knew their partner was having an abortion
52
Newer Methods of Contraceptives
- new male condoms - gel that prohibits sperm production - male pill - microbicides (substance that kills microbes -- need it to kill sperm) - need a better pill (add androgens to the combo pill) - vaginal ring that lasts one year - sperm binding beeds (sperm binds to beeds and then won't get after the egg)
53
Sympto-Thermal Method
type of rhythm method - you take your body temp (basal body temp) - and you look at your cervical mucus to see if it's thick or not

Psych 453 (14 decks)

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