Psych Unit 6 Flashcards
Conception
On about day 14 of the cycle, the female ovulates - the egg is released from the ovary into the body cavity
- The egg is then picked up by the fimbriae and enters the fallopian tube
- If an egg is fertilized, it happens in the fallopian tube
- Once the egg enters the fallopian tube, it goes through cell division
- After about 5 days, the egg travels down the fallopian tube and enters the uterus at about day 5
Conception for Men
- The seminal vesicles provide ejaculatory fluid (60% of the fluid)
- When people have intercourse, the male ejaculates inside the vagina and the sperm start their journey towards the egg
- As sperm approaches the egg, the egg secretes a chemical to attract the sperm to the egg
—– The egg surrounds itself with the sperm and the sperm released an enzyme (hyaluronidase)
hyaluronidase:
- The enzyme dissolves the outer layer of the egg
- This permits 1 sperm to enter, resulting in fertilization
- The fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus and implants itself in the uterine lining
- The fertilized egg (zygote) will now develop
Development of the Embryo
pregnancy takes about 40 weeks and is broken up into 3 trimesters
- the embryo and placenta grow
placenta = the site of exchange of substances between the pregnant person and the child
- most viruses can’t pass this barrier but some can
- the placentas release human chorionic gonadtropin (HCG)
Pregnancy Tests
- Most over-the-counter tests are only 75% accurate and can give false negatives
- Medical tests are about 98-99% accurate
- Some brands range in their accuracy
Miscarriages
- 50% of non-diagnosed pregnancies end in miscarriage
- 20-25% of diagnosed pregnancies end in miscarriage
- Most miscarriages happen because of defect in the fetus
Pregnancy: for MOM
Drugs taken during pregnancy can be teratogens (substances that produce defects in the fetus):
- some antibiotics
- cigarettes
- cocaine, heroin
- Alcohol
alcohol fetal syndrome: Growth deficiencies, small brain, limb and heart issues
Pregnancy: for DAD
tetragon – harmful things that can impact the fetus
- drugs taken by the dad can damage the sperm and the DNA
- smoking
- chronic alcohol consumption can affect DNA methylation
Ectopic Pregnancy
When the egg implants somewhere other than the uterus (ex: fallopian tube - tubal pregnancy)
Due Date
You can calculate when the baby will be born by taking the first day of the last menstrual cycle and add 280 days
as the person get’s closer:
- baby loses the lanugo covering (helps protect and keep the fetus warm)
- baby = 20 inches and 7 pounds
Parturition
the emergence of a child from the uterus
- starts with a signal from the pituitary gland
- oxytocin is secreted in the bloodstream of the pregnant person
- synthetic forms of oxytocin can be used to induce labor
Labor
- contractions
- mucus plug degenerates
- amniotic sac breaks (water breaks)
dilation and effacement:
- Effacement - when the cervix thins out and lengthens
- The cervix has to be fully effaced to fully dilate
- The contractions pull open the cervix (10 cm)
- some people use meds to give birth like an epidural
Birth of the Baby
the baby is expelled from the womb by uterine contractions
- when head is visible = crowning
Episiotomy
Episiotomy:
- The doctor makes an incision in the skin (near the vaginal canal)
- A lot of doctors do this for their convenience but not needed
- Once the baby is born, the umbilical cord is cut and a plastic clamp is placed there
Birth of the Placenta
- You have to deliver the placenta
- It has to inspected for size, shape, consistency
- If the placenta is abnormal, there could be an issue for the mother or baby
Cesarean Section: C-Section
- Fetus is delivered through a horizontal incision in the abdominal and uterine walls
- This should only happen if the fetus is head up, multiple fetuses, fetal distress, too long of labor or if the pregnant person can give a genital condition or infection to the baby
Lactation
oxytocin - hormone
- Establishes nurturant behaviors in a parent
- Stimulates the muscles in the cervix, vagina, and uterus helping them contract after delivery
- Works with prolactin to make and secrete milk from the mammary gland of the breast (lactation)
- The first secretion from the breast = colostrum
Benefits of Breastfeeding
doctors recommend breastfeeding over formula
- Helps the infant fight infection and help their immune system
- Associated with better health outcomes for the child
- Sometimes easier recovery from pregnancy for the birthing parent
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
uterus tightens in painless contractions
First Trimester
- missed period
- some bleeding and spotting
- morning sickness
- frequent urination
Nägeles rule
calculates the expected due date
Second Trimester
- week 13-26
- month 4 – women can feel fetus’ movement
- colostrum (yellow fluid can come out of the nipple even if there’s no milk yet)
- more calm
Third Trimester
wks 27-38
- fetus is more active
- can gain 11-40 pounds
The beginning of labor
- water breaks
- braxton-hicks contractions
First Stage Labor - Early
contractions spaced out about 15-20 mins apart
- contractions lasts 45 secs to a min
