Psych Unit 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Obscenity

A

Obscenity = something offensive to accepted standards of decency (legal term)

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2
Q

Pornography

A

Pornography = art, literature, or films that are intended to be sexually arousing

  • Explicit portrayals of sexual acts
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3
Q

Erotica

A

Erotica = sometimes seen as sexually arousing material that isn’t degrading or demeaning to adults (women, men, others) or children and shows equal relationships

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4
Q

General Info About Porn

A
  • Porn includes many different products and services
  • Some of it is legal (Playboy Magazine)
  • Some of it is illegal (producing sexual videos of children)
  • Some of it depends on the county you live in (e.g., some strip clubs allow full nudity and bodily contact while others do not)
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5
Q

Internet Porn

A

Websites: display and sell sexual materials and services

Chatrooms (including cam-rooms) - marketed towards people with specific sexual interests
- the other person can’t see you

Virtual Reality: men in the VR condition felt more desired, more flirted with

PornHub: PornHub is the world’s largest porn site with 22 million registered users worldwide
- Makes more money than all of the Hollywood studios combined

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6
Q

Video and Film Porn

A
  • Made as early as 1915
  • Hard-core films industry in the 1970s
    Ex: Deep Throat movie was a mainstream movie that depicted a lot of explicit sexual acts
  • People would go and watch porn films in theatres – some people would go with their partner to watch (now we think of porn as more of a private activity)
  • In the early 1980s, you could rent or buy X-rated videos (watching at home became the norm)

Amater video - homevideo cameras allowed people to make their own porn

Music videos - men are dominant and women are attractive

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7
Q

Magazine Porn

A

ex: Playboy Magazine
- a declining market
- They used to be the major source of porn

“Soft-core” showed naked bodies and genitals (Playboy)

“Hard-core” showed pictures of penetrative sex and other sex acts (Hustler)

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8
Q

Live Entertainment Porn

A
  • Shows that provided sexalized entertainment
    Ex: Burlesque, strip clubs
  • Many customers come often to interact with attractive women
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9
Q

Child Pornography

A

Child pornography = Any visual depiction (photo, film, video) of sexual explicit conduct involving a person under the age of 18

  • Viewed as one of the worst parts of the sex industry because there’s a victim (the child)
  • Children cannot provide informed consent to such activities
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10
Q

Sex in Advertising

A

ex: Muscular Calvin Klein models
- Sexual ads don’t increase memory for the brand nor do they increase people buying the product

  • Buying intentions of the product decreased as the intensity of the sexual ads increased
  • Viewers focus on being aroused rather than the product or brand being sold
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11
Q

Producers of Porn

A
  • The companies had CEOs, presidents, VPs
  • Most companies had permanent studios

Today, productions can be made with a small crew

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12
Q

Porn Performers

A
  • Actresses were more likely to identify as bisexual, report an earlier age of intercourse for the first time, had more sexual partners, and greater enjoyment of sex
  • Not more likley to report sexual abuse in childhood
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13
Q

Consumers of Porn

A
  • Males are primary audience
  • Younger men are more likely to watch porn
  • Women are more likely to read erotic noverls and men are more likely to watch videos
  • Viewing porn is heaviest in people’s twenties and thirties
  • people who use porn have a history of more sexual partners
  • porn is associated with anti-social personalities
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14
Q

2 Arguments for Effects of Porn

A

One side: Porn is fun and expressive of sexuality

Second side: Porn is harmful and problematic

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15
Q

Immediate Effects of Porn

A

Cognitive: implicit attitudes
- Exposure to porn creates stronger associations between those images and what considers erotic

Physiological:
- Men experience more arousal than women do

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16
Q

Long-Term Effects of Porn

A

Attitudes shift

Longitudinal Study:
- when you measure porn use at one time point, perdicts more permissive sexual attitudes 2 years later
- Porn use correlates with attitudes supporting violence against women

Meta Analysis: Porn exposure increases aggressive behavior toward women
- one group was given violent porn
- Other group was given neutral porn
**The group exposed to violent porn showed more aggressive behavior toward women than the other group

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17
Q

People more Susceptible to Porn Effects

A
  • antisocial people
  • People with hostile masculinity personality – beliefs that women are dangerous and deceptive, can’t be trusted
  • Frequent porn use can cause negative effects of porn
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18
Q

Sexual Scripts Theory: Effects of Porn

A
  • People learn these scripts through porn
  • Porn gives a script for what sexual interactions should look like, including what behaviors should happen, what their bodies should look like, what they should be doing or feeling
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19
Q

Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model: Effects of Porn

A

The model looks at how certain people have a different susceptibility to the effects of porn

3 categories:
- Individual predispoitions (some people with certain traits are more likely to use porn)
- Developmental
- Social

People then use the media or watch the porn and have different responses

20
Q

Types of Porn that are More Realistic

A
  • Queer, amateur, feminist porn and erotica novels
  • A lot of these sites you have to pay to use which makes it harder to access than PornHub
  • Some people think that these kinds of porn can have positive impacts

But research shows a lot of negative affects from violent porn

21
Q

Objections to Porn

A
  • Some people want to ban all porn
  • Feminists don’t like porn because they think it degrades women, portrays them as sex objects, and women can be violated
  • Porn objectifies women

Porn shows an unequal power balance between women and men (boss-secretrary, doctor-nurse)

22
Q

Porn Addiction

A

Porn addiction = excessive viewing can negatively affect their life

23
Q

Prostitution or Sex Workers

A

Prostitution or sex workers = engager in partnered sexual actvity or sexualized interactions in return for money, material gifts, or some other form of payment like drugs

24
Q

Venues for Sex Work

A

The venue depends on race, social class, activity, etc.

25
Call Girl
Call girl = works out of her own residence, makes appointments with clients by phone or online - Often middle-class - Can charge between 150-200$ per hour - She dresses and lives as if she has a lot of money **They work in better conditions bc they work out of their homes
26
Brothel
Brothel = a place where people engage with prostitutes - declined after WWII - Still in Nevada – prostitution is legal in some counties - Safer than other venues
27
In-Call Services
In-call services = same as brothel *newer word for brothel - Serve clients who come to the apartment - More independence than a sex worker - Less choice of clients
28
Massage Parlor
Massage parlor = male and female employees sell sexual services - Stripassage, sensual massage - Generally operated by Asian men and women and staffed by Asian women
29
Escort Service
Escort Service = emply men and women who will engage in sexual activity - The escort gets to decide what activities they do with the client - Escorts have to telophone the service
30
Independent Escorts
Independent Escorts = not employed by an agency - Their average rate is high - Some advertise the girlfriend experience
31
Streetwalker
- Most visible sex worker (bc on the street) - Strict time constraints - Often addicted to drugs - Likely to be arrested because she does things on the street (most arrested are people of color) - Might have pimps *greater risk for violence and disease
32
Strip Club
Strip Club = sexualized experience such as erotic dances, but not necessarily sex with a customer - Each club attracts a specific audience - They cater to mostly straight men
33
Camgirls
Camgirls = they sell erotic services using webcam tech, usually through a public chat room - In public chat rooms, multiple participants come and pay **The sex worker is physically safe bc it's virtual and not in-person interaction
34
Pimps
Pimps = the person who is the companion-master to the prostitute - The prostitute supports the pimp with money and he provides her companionship and sex, bails her out of jail, provides food, shelter, clothes, and drugs - might control and abuse her - many pimps are in other industries too
35
Madam
Madam = a woman who manages or wons an in-call service, a brothel, or an escort service - knows a lot of people
36
Sex Trafficking
Sex Trafficking = the recruitment and control of people by threat or use of force or deception, for pruproses of sexual exploitation - not consenual - Lots of people are recruited in third-world countries - Some people are recruited by people who promise them a good job or a husband in a different country Latin Americans = work in brothels Asian Women = work in massage parlors Eastern European women = work in strip clubs
37
Career of a Sex Worker
- Some become sex workers because of childhood abuse - factors in the environment (economic need, lack of job skills) - want to make money and find it exciting - forced or coerced to be one - many go thru an aprenticeship before where they learn skills Some people leave sex work because they’ve been arrested, have to give up their kids, or they know people who experienced violence as a sex worker
38
Landmark Study of Sex Worker's Wellbeing
Netherlands recruited women who worked for at least 1 year for a study of sex and health - ¼ of the women are doing well - ¼ of the women had headaches, backaches, anxiety and depression - They were in denial and disassociated to cope
39
Risk of Venue
The risks of the sex workers depended on the venue they worked in - Women who work on the streets were in greater risk of arrest and violence
40
Risks of Being a Sex Worker
The healthoutcomes for sex workers where prostitution is illegal is worse - Prostitutes can’t really report violence if it’s illegal where they work - Theft, stealing, and threats are common - Sex workers can get HIV/AIDS - They often inject drugs - HIV risk is greater in private sex life than sex work - risk of rape **Getting rid of the stigma of being a sex worker would improve their mental health
41
Coping for Sex Workers
- drugs and alcohol - shut down feelings - disassociate - take courses to better their skills at being a sex worker
42
Customers of Sex Workers
“Johns” = the customer of the sex worker One-time clients = sex worker doesn’t see them again Regular clinets = repeat clients and worker knows them Longterm financial providers = men provided support and payed for stuff regularly ***men who buy sex are more likely to rape - men think they're masculine for having sex
43
Male Sex Workers
less risky for men than women - never work on the street - Mascuilinity is challenged - Most men are sex workers for money or they had left home - Most men use drugs who do this
44
Gigolo
Gigolo = a man who provides companionship and sexual gratification regularly to a woman in exchange for money - Usually one client at a time - Many women who pay for this are sexual toursists (White women from wealthy countries)
45
Male Sex Workers Working for Men
Outdoor workers = young and straight, who enagage in sex in cars, homes, or other places Hustlers = male street workers Bar workers = work in gay-identified places (gyms, clubs, hotels) Escorts or call boys = the customer finds them from gay media
46
Sex Tourism
Sex Toursim = lesiure travel where people purchase sexual services or engage in unpaid casual sex - Tourists are usually wealthy (they have to pay to travel) - They like having sex with someone who has darker skin *** Lots of STIs spread through this (don’t use as many condoms)
47
Causes of Sex Tourism
- Migration of men and women from developing countries - Commodification of sexual intimacy - Increased travel for fun