Psych Unit 16 Flashcards
Obscenity
Obscenity = something offensive to accepted standards of decency (legal term)
Pornography
Pornography = art, literature, or films that are intended to be sexually arousing
- Explicit portrayals of sexual acts
Erotica
Erotica = sometimes seen as sexually arousing material that isn’t degrading or demeaning to adults (women, men, others) or children and shows equal relationships
General Info About Porn
- Porn includes many different products and services
- Some of it is legal (Playboy Magazine)
- Some of it is illegal (producing sexual videos of children)
- Some of it depends on the county you live in (e.g., some strip clubs allow full nudity and bodily contact while others do not)
Internet Porn
Websites: display and sell sexual materials and services
Chatrooms (including cam-rooms) - marketed towards people with specific sexual interests
- the other person can’t see you
Virtual Reality: men in the VR condition felt more desired, more flirted with
PornHub: PornHub is the world’s largest porn site with 22 million registered users worldwide
- Makes more money than all of the Hollywood studios combined
Video and Film Porn
- Made as early as 1915
- Hard-core films industry in the 1970s
Ex: Deep Throat movie was a mainstream movie that depicted a lot of explicit sexual acts - People would go and watch porn films in theatres – some people would go with their partner to watch (now we think of porn as more of a private activity)
- In the early 1980s, you could rent or buy X-rated videos (watching at home became the norm)
Amater video - homevideo cameras allowed people to make their own porn
Music videos - men are dominant and women are attractive
Magazine Porn
ex: Playboy Magazine
- a declining market
- They used to be the major source of porn
“Soft-core” showed naked bodies and genitals (Playboy)
“Hard-core” showed pictures of penetrative sex and other sex acts (Hustler)
Live Entertainment Porn
- Shows that provided sexalized entertainment
Ex: Burlesque, strip clubs - Many customers come often to interact with attractive women
Child Pornography
Child pornography = Any visual depiction (photo, film, video) of sexual explicit conduct involving a person under the age of 18
- Viewed as one of the worst parts of the sex industry because there’s a victim (the child)
- Children cannot provide informed consent to such activities
Sex in Advertising
ex: Muscular Calvin Klein models
- Sexual ads don’t increase memory for the brand nor do they increase people buying the product
- Buying intentions of the product decreased as the intensity of the sexual ads increased
- Viewers focus on being aroused rather than the product or brand being sold
Producers of Porn
- The companies had CEOs, presidents, VPs
- Most companies had permanent studios
Today, productions can be made with a small crew
Porn Performers
- Actresses were more likely to identify as bisexual, report an earlier age of intercourse for the first time, had more sexual partners, and greater enjoyment of sex
- Not more likley to report sexual abuse in childhood
Consumers of Porn
- Males are primary audience
- Younger men are more likely to watch porn
- Women are more likely to read erotic noverls and men are more likely to watch videos
- Viewing porn is heaviest in people’s twenties and thirties
- people who use porn have a history of more sexual partners
- porn is associated with anti-social personalities
2 Arguments for Effects of Porn
One side: Porn is fun and expressive of sexuality
Second side: Porn is harmful and problematic
Immediate Effects of Porn
Cognitive: implicit attitudes
- Exposure to porn creates stronger associations between those images and what considers erotic
Physiological:
- Men experience more arousal than women do
Long-Term Effects of Porn
Attitudes shift
Longitudinal Study:
- when you measure porn use at one time point, perdicts more permissive sexual attitudes 2 years later
- Porn use correlates with attitudes supporting violence against women
Meta Analysis: Porn exposure increases aggressive behavior toward women
- one group was given violent porn
- Other group was given neutral porn
**The group exposed to violent porn showed more aggressive behavior toward women than the other group
People more Susceptible to Porn Effects
- antisocial people
- People with hostile masculinity personality – beliefs that women are dangerous and deceptive, can’t be trusted
- Frequent porn use can cause negative effects of porn
Sexual Scripts Theory: Effects of Porn
- People learn these scripts through porn
- Porn gives a script for what sexual interactions should look like, including what behaviors should happen, what their bodies should look like, what they should be doing or feeling
Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model: Effects of Porn
The model looks at how certain people have a different susceptibility to the effects of porn
3 categories:
- Individual predispoitions (some people with certain traits are more likely to use porn)
- Developmental
- Social
People then use the media or watch the porn and have different responses
Types of Porn that are More Realistic
- Queer, amateur, feminist porn and erotica novels
- A lot of these sites you have to pay to use which makes it harder to access than PornHub
- Some people think that these kinds of porn can have positive impacts
But research shows a lot of negative affects from violent porn
Objections to Porn
- Some people want to ban all porn
- Feminists don’t like porn because they think it degrades women, portrays them as sex objects, and women can be violated
- Porn objectifies women
Porn shows an unequal power balance between women and men (boss-secretrary, doctor-nurse)
Porn Addiction
Porn addiction = excessive viewing can negatively affect their life
Prostitution or Sex Workers
Prostitution or sex workers = engager in partnered sexual actvity or sexualized interactions in return for money, material gifts, or some other form of payment like drugs
Venues for Sex Work
The venue depends on race, social class, activity, etc.