PSYCH Exam #3 Flashcards
dvjskb;
Consciousness
personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and external environment. (William James described as stream or river)
What is waking Consciousness
-aware and awake of your conscious thoughts feelings and perceptions, from internal events and the surrounding environment.
What is attention
the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations
limitations of attention affect human thought and behavior?
-Attention has limited capacity: we cannot pay attention to every sound, sight, and other sensations in the external environment.
Attention is selective: “cocktail party effect” being able to focus your attention on a particular stimulus.
Attention can be blind: missing obvious stimuli in our field of vision or hearing.
Inattentional Blindness
Simply not noticing a significant object or event that occurs in our clear field of vision. Commonly exploited by magicians
Change blindness
Also very common. Refers to not noticing when something changes, such as when a friend gets a haircut or shaves his beard.
What really happens when we think we are multitasking?
The myth of multi-tasking refers to the division of attention during such events. Attention is divided up among each task receiving less attention than it normally would.
Circadian Rhythm
a roughly 24-hour cycle of fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.
Env Cues: Bright light regulates sleep cycle.
Bio cues: light, signals CNS and hypothalamus
Infradian Rhythm
A period longer than the Circadian rhythm. Seasonal: hibernation, migration, menstruation cycle
Ultradian Rhythm
Shorter than Circadian. Sleep stages as we cycle through a night’s sleep. (Regular oscillating)
suprachiasmatic nucleus
(Bodies master clock) regulates most circadian rhythms in the body. Located in a tiny region of the hypothalamus. t interprets light information, translates it into physiological signals
Relation between your eyes, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the pineal gland, the hormone melatonin and your circadian rhythm.
- Eyes detect lack of light
- decreased available light is detected by the hypothalamus
- triggers the production of melatonin by the pineal gland
What effect does daylight saving time and/or travel across multiple time zones have on your circadian
rhythm?
Disruption of the biological clock can cause physical and mental fatigue, confusion problems concentrating, depression, or irritability.
What is the mechanism by which we study brain activity while subjects are sleeping?
Electroencephalograph (EEG). Interment that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain’s rythmic electrical activity.
In what order does the sleep cycle
NREM 1,2,3, REM -> NREM 2,3, REM
REM vs NREM sleep cycles
REM sleep: rapid eye movement typically where dreaming occurs and voluntary muscle movement is suppressed.
NREM: non rapid eye movement, typically quiet and dreamless, (divided into 3 stages)
NREM 1
alpha->theta waves, Hypnogogic Hallucinations, Myoclonic jerks, (simple dreams)
NREM 2
Theta waves (beginning of delta waves), Sleep spindles, K complexes,(less vivid short intense dreams)
NREM 3
Delta Waves (large slow), deep sleep (sleep talking, walking, eating, etc.). (Few to no sleep)
REM
Beta waves (fast active), dreaming stage, physio arousal, no voluntary muscle movement, sleep mentation
Theta wave
NREM 1,2 (light sleep)
Beta wave
REM,occur during most awake activities,
Delta Wave
NREM 3 deep sleep
Sleep Spindles
Editing memory of the day (NREM 2), sharp peaks in quick seccession.
K Complexes
Save memory into long term(NREM 2), low to very high peak
alpha wave
NREM 1, (relaxed and sleepy)
sleep mentation
All thoughts, feelings, and brain activity during sleep or mental activity consists of vivid, hallucinatory visual content that is often bizarre or has irregular narratives (REM)
Sleep Depravation Causes…
Disruption in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.
Activation Synthesis model of dreaming
The brainstem produces signals for dream images (activation), the the higher regions of the brain (visual, motor, auditory pathways, hippocampus, and amygdala) impose meaning on the dream images forming stories.
neurocognitive model of dreaming
Contrasts ASM of dreaming, claims dreams reflect our interests, personality, and individual worries (mirroring our waking concerns). Explains all forms of spontaneous thought
Lucid Dreaming
Being aware you are dreaming while you are sleep, dreams feel vivid and real.
-Caused by activation in the prefrontal cortex; responsible for self-awareness and reflection
psychoanalytic theory of dreams
Freud believed that the latent content of a dream is often related to unconscious desires, wishes, and conflicts.
These are thoughts and feelings that are so troubling or unacceptable that the conscious mind represses them.
dyssomnias
Affect duration and quality of sleep
parasomnias
undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep, (sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep sex, and eating disorders)
insomnia
inability to regularly fall asleep, stay asleep, or feel rested
narcolepsy
excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses of sleep episodes throughout the day
sleep terrors
episode of increased physio arousal, panic, frightening hallucinations (Night terrors)
sleep apnea
a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts
exploding head syndrome
parasomnia. It is the sensation of hearing a loud sound during sleep-wake/wake-sleep transitions
sleep walking (somnambulism)
NREM 3
Hypnosis
cooperative in which person responds to hypnotic suggestions with changes in perception, memory, thoughts and behaviors
What can hypnosis do
-detachment from bodies, profound relaxation, sensations of timelessness. post hpynotic suggestion amnesia
-sensory changes include hallucinations, temporary blindness, complete loss of specific sensation,
What canT hypnosis do
-cannot be performed if unwilling and if its against your morals and values
-cannot retreive lost memories
Focused Attention Technique
focusing awareness on a specific visual image, object, sound, word, or phrase (mantra).
-benefits:improving concentration, reducing stress, and promoting emotional wellbeing
Open monitoring technique
experience from moment to moment, rather than focusing on a stimulus. Open state of mind, non-reflective awareness
-benefits: stress relief, better thinking, increased emotional intelligence, and the ability to overcome mental biases
alcohol
Depressant, changes in brain circuits involved in cognition, motivation, and self control
nicotine
potent addictive stim found in smokeless tobacco.
caffiene
stim that promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, and faster thought processes. Blocks adenosine receptors to the brain
marijuana
psychedelic drug: sensory distortions, well-being, mild euphoria, enhanced senses
cocaine
illegal stim from the coca plant. Produces intense euphoria, mental alertness, and self-confidence.
-Blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine increasing their effects
depressants
drugs that depress, or inhibit brain activity
ex. alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers
stimulants
drugs that stimulate or excite brain activity
ex. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychedelics/hallucinogens
drugs that distort sensory perception
ex. Mescaline (cactus), LSD
Opioids
pain-relieving psychoactive drug
ex. morphine, heroin
methamphetamine
easily manufactured, intense longer lasting high and less expensive than cocaine. Causes extensive neurological damage
Designer Club Drugs
Manufactured drugs commonly used in clubs
ex. ecstasy (stim and mild psyched) and dissociative anesthetics
How to overcome insomnia and improve sleep
monitor stim intake, quiet bedtime routine, condition for restful sleep, consistent sleep-wake schedule
What three characteristics are associated with motivation/goals?
activation(initiating)
persistence(continued efforts)
intensity(vigor)
Instinct theory
Certain human programming is innate due to evolutionary programming. Human behavior is based upon thousands of evolutionary instinct
Incentive Theories
behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals such as rewards
Arousal Theory
people are motivated by a level of arousal not to high or low
Humanistic Theory
people are motivated to realize their person potential
drive theory
Replaced instinct theory, motivated by the desire to reduce unmet biological needs. Push and drive towards thirst and hunger.
basal metabolic rate
rate of energy consumption to maintain vital body weight
insulin
controls blood glucose levels and uptake, regulates eating
leptin
hormone secreted by adipose tissue(fat), regulates hunger and eating
ghrelin
hormone causing hunger
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
neurotransmitter released by the hypothalamus that promotes eating. weight loss promotes release of NPY
cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone found in the small intestine that enhances stretch receptor
sensory specific satiety
a decrease in the pleasantness of a specific food that has just been eaten to satiation
set-point theory
humans have a set natural body weight that the body tries to maintain
Self-Determination Theory
Proposed by Deci and Ryan, said that 3 needs must be met to reach optimal human functioning
-autonomy: control over your choices
-competence: need to learn and master challenging tasks
-relatedness: sense of belonging
Achievement Motivation
Directing behavior towards excelling or succeeding
-measured with various areas of success including good grades, job performance or worker output.
How does culture affect achievement motivation
Individualistic cultures tend to focus on individual accomplishment, usually a competitive task. Collectivistic cultures have a different view where achievement is motivated by the benefits to a larger group.
What is the difference between achievement and competence motivation?
Mastery goals are focused on learning to do something well, while performance goals is simply showing others you can do it. (Fixed vs Growth mindset)
Brain’s fear circuit
- Information arrives at the thalamus (info relay)
- Crude info travels directly to the amygdala causes almost instant fear repsonse
- detailed information goes to the visual cortex where it is interpreted
Emotional Experience in the brain
amygdala: important in fear response
hippocampus: memory and emotional learning, ties emotion to past experience
Limbic Cortex: influences mood, motivation, and judgment
How does the evolutionary perspective explain the dual brain pathways for transmitting fear-related information
fast track: amygdala triggers fight or flight response
slow track: thalamus and cortex take an analytical approach forming a complex solution
Components of emotion
Cognitive: what you think
physical: how you body feels (body reaction)
behavioral: urge to do (instead of thinking)
what functions do emotions serve
Prepare the Body for Immediate Action:
When triggered, emotions orchestrate systems such as perception, attention, inference, learning, memory, goal choice, motivational priorities, physiological reactions, motor behaviors, and behavioral decision-making
What evidence supports the idea that facial expressions for basic emotions are universal?
Paul Eckman’s research showed that humans were able to identify each emotion
-and blind and deaf babies still show emotion
How does culture affect the behavioral expression of emotion? (Specifically, emblems and display rules)
Across almost all cultures expression is universal except slight differences called dialects.
-emblems like nodding head yes and no mean different things across the world
-Display rules govern your facial expression in different situations
James-Lange Theory of emotion
The response comes before the emotion
-criticized because physiological does not mean there is an emotional response (ex. heart rate)
Cannon bard Theory of emotion
The physiological response happens simultaneously
Schacter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion
Agreed that physio response is essential but also maintained that arousal is similar for different emotions.
-We label cognitive arousal as a specific emotion given our interpretation of the situation. Thus our interaction between physio arousal and cognitive label explains state
Self- Efficacy
degree to which people are convinced about their own ability to meet demands of a situation
Implementation: Steps to Turn goals into actions
- Form a goal intention (specific goal)
- Create implementation intentions(specific plan)
Mental Rehearsal
Mental images heavily affect self-efficacy and self-control during situations.
hypnogogic hallucinations
-hallucinations that happen as you’re falling asleep
-A hallucination is a false perception of objects or events involving your senses: sight, sound, smell, touch and taste.
