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ACP Psychology > Psych Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pierre Pauul Broca

A

Confirmed that some language functions were localized to the left frontal lobe.

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2
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Gathered patients who had their brains split in half.

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3
Q

Karl Wernickle

A

Discovered that when an area of the left hemisphere was injured a different type of language disturbace would appear. Spoken and written

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4
Q

Biological Psychology

A

The scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes.

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5
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit information from one part of the body to another.

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6
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

type of neuron that conveys information about the environment, such as light or sound, from specialized receptor cells in the sense organs to the brain.

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7
Q

Motor Neuron

A

type of neuron that communicates information from the muscles and glands of the body.

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

type of neuron that communicates information between neurons

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9
Q

Cell Body

A

The part of the neuron that contains structures that process nutrients providing the energy the neuron needs to functions

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10
Q

Dendrites

A

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons.

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11
Q

Axon

A

Part of the neuron that carries information from the neuron to other cells in the body, including other neurons, glands, and muscles

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12
Q

Glial Cell

A

Cells that provide structural and functional support for neurons throughout the nervous system

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13
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a white, fatty, covering wrapped around the axons of some, but not all neurons in the brain

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14
Q

Stimulus threshold

A

The minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron

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15
Q

action potential

A

a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron

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16
Q

resting potential

A

the state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation.

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17
Q

synapse

A

The point of communication between 2 neurons

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18
Q

synaptic gap

A

a tiny fluid filled space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

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19
Q

axon terminals

A

small branches at the end of the axon

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20
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

Tiny sacs in the axon terminal

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21
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron

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22
Q

synaptic transmission

A

the entire process of transmitting information at the synapse

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23
Q

reuptake

A

the process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from the receptor and are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again.

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24
Q

acetlycholine

A

chemical means by which neurons communicate with the muscles : learning, memory, muscle contraction

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25
Q

dopamine

A

involved in movement, attention, learning and pleasurable rewarding sensations

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26
Q

serotinin

A

involved in sleep, sensory perceptions, mood, and emotional state.

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27
Q

norepinephrine

A

Physical arousal, learning, memory, regulation of sleep. Helps body gear up in the face of danger.

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28
Q

glutamine

A

excitatory messages

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29
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory messages

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30
Q

endorphines

A

pain perception, positive emotions

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31
Q

nervous system

A

system of 1 trillion linked neurons throughout the body in complex organized communication network

32
Q

nerves

A

large bundles of neuron axons that carry information in the peripheral nervous system

33
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

division of the nervous system consisting of spinal cord and brain

34
Q

spinal reflexes

A

simple, automatic, behaviors that occur without any brain involvement

35
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

includes the nerves lying outside of the CNS

36
Q

somatic nervous system

A

communicates sensory information received by sensory receptors along sensory nerves to the CNS

37
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat, blood pressure breathing and digestion

38
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

bodys emergency system, rapidly activating bodily systems to meet the needs of threats

39
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands located throughout the body, secrete hormes into the bloodstream

40
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted into primarily the blood stream

41
Q

hypothalamus

A

complex structure just beneath the thalamus. Direct link between the endocrine system and the nervous system via the pituitary gland

42
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea-sized gland just under the brain that regulates body production of other hormones by many of the glands in the endocrine system.

43
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone invovled in reproduction social motivation and social behavior that is produced by the hypothalamus and released through pituitary gland

44
Q

adrenal glands

A

pair of endocrine glands that produce hormones involved in the human response and play a key role in the fight or flight response

45
Q

functional plasticity

A

the brains ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas

46
Q

structural plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change its physical structure in response to learning active practice or environmental influences

47
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

image technique used that produces highly detailed images of the bodies structures and tissues =, using electromagnetic signals generated by the body in response to magnetic fields

48
Q

diffusion MRI (dMRI)

A

maps neural connections in the brain by tracking the movement of eater molecules along myelinated axones

49
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug.

50
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

uses magnetic feilds to map brain activity by measuring changes to the brains blood flow and oxygen levels

51
Q

neurogenisis

A

the development of new neurons

52
Q

brianstem

A

A region of the brain made up of the hindbrain and midbrain

53
Q

hindbrain

A

at the base of the brain containing several structures that regulate basic life functions

54
Q

medulla

A

hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions

55
Q

pons

A

hindbrain structure that connects the medulla and two sides of the cerebellum and helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body.

56
Q

cerebellum

A

large 2 sided, hindbrain structure at the back of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination and equilibrium

57
Q

reticular formation

A

network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention arousal and sleep.

58
Q

midbrian

A

relay station that contains centers involved in the processing of auditory and visual sensory info

59
Q

forebrain

A

largest most complex, contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes, also called cerebrum

60
Q

limbic system

A

group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and involved in emotion, motivation learning and memory

61
Q

hippocampus

A

large forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and embedded in the temporal lobe in each cerebral hemisphere.

62
Q

thalamus

A

rounded forebrain structure located within each cerebral hemisphere that process sensory info except smell.

63
Q

amygdala

A

almond-shaped cluster of neurons at the base of the temporal lobe. - involved in emotions

64
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled outer portions of the forebrian. contains most complex brain centers.

65
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

nearly symmetrical left and right halve of the cerebral cortex.

66
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick band of axons that connects 2 cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them

67
Q

occipital lobe

A

area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual info

68
Q

parietal lobe

A

area of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that processes body sensations.

69
Q

temporal lobe

A

an area on each hemi of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving center for auditory info.

70
Q

frontal lobe

A

largest lobe. processes voluntary muscle movement and involved in thinking planning and emotional control.

71
Q

cortical localization

A

idea that particular brain area are associated with specific functions

72
Q

aphasia

A

the partial or complete inability to articulate ideas understand spoken language or written because of brain injury or damage

73
Q

Broca’s area

A

brain region of the frontal lobe of the dominant hemi usually the left, that is crucial for speech production

74
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

left temporal lobe of dominant hemi crucial for language.

75
Q

lateralization of function

A

notion that specific functions are processed primary on one side of the brain

76
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves and maintains physical resources

ACP Psychology (7 decks)

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