Psych Chapter 1 Flashcards
to learn
Mary Whiton Calkins
First woman president of the American Psychology Association (APA). Established a Laboratory at Wellesley Women’s College.
Kenneth Bancroft Clark
One of Sumner’s most famous students. He and his wife helped research the negative effects of racism. This research helped the 1954 Supreme court decision to end segregation is schools.
Mamie Phillips Clark
Founded a national center for childhood development in the Harlem Neighborhood.
Charles Darwin
Work on Origins of Species. Provided compelling account of evolution and natural selection.
Sigmond Freud
Developed a theory of personality called psychoanalysis. Believed human behavior was based on unconscious conflicts.
Robert Guthrie
Black psychologist who wrote a book called “Even the rat was white”. Describe the significance of the obstacles they faced.
G. Stanley Hall
Received first US PhD in Psychology. Founded the first US psych lab at Johns Hopkins. Founded APA and was the first president.
William James
One of Harvord’s most outstanding students became a professor, critical in establishing psych in the US. Inspired by Wundt’s articles. Wrote the leading psychology textbook “Principles of Psychology”. Ideas founded Functionalism.
Abraham Maslow
Key component and Advocate of Humanistic Psychology. Developed theory of motivation.
Ivan Pavlov
Russian experimental neurologist and physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. Discovered that automatic behavior was triggered by natural stimuli (all behaviors were learned). Influenced by B. F. Skinner, John B. Watson
Carl Rogers
Largely founded humanistic psych. Like Freud, he was influenced by his patients. Emphasized self-determination and free will.
Pauline Elizabeth Scarborough
Campaigned for the inclusion of women in US psychology history. Explored women’s changing social status.
B.F Skinner
After Watson, Skinner took over behaviorism. He believed that Psychology should be studied by the observable and famously used reinforcement (punishments) techniques on rats and pigeons.
Edward B. Tichener
One of Wundt’s students who developed Structuralism. After his death, structuralism was over even though it was the first school of thought.
Margaret Floy Washburn
First US woman to earn a PhD in Psychology. Edward Tichener’s first doctoral student. Research the inner experiences of different animal species.
John B. Watson
He did not believe in Structuralism and advocated heavily for Behaviorism. who played an important role in developing behaviorism. He is remembered for his research on the conditioning process
Wilhelm Wundt
German psychologist is known as the founder of experimental psychology. Studied reaction times.
Psychology
Study of behavior and mental processes
Structuralism
most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures.
Functionalism
Emphasized the purpose or function of behavior and mental processes. Founded by the ideas of William James. Did not limit ideas to introspection.
psychoanalysis
Personality theory and form of psychotherapy and emphasize the role of unconscious thoughts in determining personality and behavior
Behaviorism
The study of observable behaviors especially during learning.
Humanistic Psychology
Emphasized each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction.
Neuroscience
The study of the nervous system, especially the brain.
Culture
Refers to the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people communicated through generations.
Ethnocrentrism
Belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others.
Individualistic Cultures
Emphasizes needs and goals of an individual over the group.
Psychaitry
The medical specialty that focuses on the diagnoses of treatments, causes, and prevention of behavioral disorders.
Scientific Method
Set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions.
Empirical Evidence
Verifiable evidence, that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and experimentation.
Hypothesis
A tentative statement that describes the relationship between 2 or more variables.
Variable
A factor that can vary or change, in ways that it can measured, observed, and verified.
Operational Definition
A precise description of how the variables in a study will be measured, manipulated and changed.
Statistics
A branch of math to analyze, summarize, and interpret data they have collected.
Statistically Significant
A mathematical indication that the research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance if there truly isn’t anything that can be found.
Effect Size
A stat that tells us, in general terms, whether a particular finding is small, medium, or large.
Meta-Analysis
A stat technique that involves pooling the effect size of several research studies into a single analysis.
Open Science
The use of transparent research practices, including sharing the procedures of a study, the specifics of how the stats were calculated, and the research data.
Replicate
To repeat a study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings.
Theory
(Model), is a tentative explanation that tries to account for diverse findings on the same topic.
Descriptive Research
Research that uses scientific procedures for systematically observing and describing behavior.
Longitudinal Design
Research strategy that tracks a particular variable in the same group of participants over time, sometimes for years.
Cross-Sectional Design
Research strategy for studying a variable or set of variables among a group of participants at a single point in time.
Naturalistic Observation
The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting.
Case Study
An intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual, a family, or some other social unit.
Survey
A structured set of questions designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, and characteristics of a specific group.
Sample
A selected segment of the population is used to represent the group that is being studied.
Representative Sample
A selected segment that vert closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics.
Random Selection
Process by which every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample.
Correlational Study
A study that examines how strongly two variables are related to, or associated with each other.
Correlation Coefficient
A numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship (correlation), between two variables.
Positive Correlation
A finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, that is, increasing or decreasing together.
Negative Correlation
A finding in which the two variables move in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases.
Experimental Research
A method of investigation used to demonstrate the cause-and-effect relationship by purposefully manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another variable.
Independent Variable
A factor that is purposefully manipulated to produce a change in an experiment; is also called the predictor variable.
Dependent Variable
The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; also called the outcome variable.
Confounding Variables
Extraneous variables that are not the focus of the experiment but could effect the outcome of an experiment.
Random Assignment
The process of assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study.
Experimental Group
Group of participants who are all exposed to all experimental conditions, including treatment condition of the independent variable; also called experimental condition.
Control Group
Group of participants exposed to the control of the independent variable; also called the control condition.
Testing Effect
The finding is that practicing retrieval of information from memory produces better retention than restudying the same information for an equal amount of time.
Double-Blind Technique
An experimental control in which both the participants and the researchers are “blind” or unaware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have been assigned.
Demand Charactaristic
In a research study, subtle cues or signals expressed by the researchers communicate the kind of response or behavior that is expected from the participant.
Placebo
A fake substance, treatment, or procedure that has no known direct effects.
Placebo Effect
Any change to a person’s beliefs and expectations rather than to an actual drug, treatment, or procedure.
Natural Experiment
A study investigating the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants.
Critical Thinking
Actively questioning statements rather than blindly accepting them.
Comparative Psychology
The branch of psychology that studies the behavior of non-human animals.
