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ACP Psychology > Psych Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Psych Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process of detecting a sound, physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat or pressure

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized cells unique to each organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation.

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4
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time.

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5
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system.

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest possible difference between 2 stimuli that can be detected half the time. Also called “Noticeable Difference”.

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7
Q

sensory adaptation

A

The gradual decline in sensitivity ti a constant stimulus.

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8
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from one wave peak to another

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9
Q

Pupul

A

The opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light

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10
Q

Lens

A

A transparent structure located behind the pupil that actively focuses or bends light as it enters the eye.

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11
Q

Accommodation

A

the process by which the lens changes shape to focus incoming light falls into the retina

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12
Q

retina

A

a thin light-sensitive membrane located at the back of the eye which contains the sensory receptors for vision

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13
Q

rods

A

the long thin blunt sensory receptor of the eye that are highly sensitive to light but not color

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14
Q

cones

A

a short thick pointed sensory receptor of the eye that detects color

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15
Q

fovea

A

a small area of the center of the retina composed entirely of cones, where visual info is most sharply focused

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16
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, producing a small gap in the field of vision

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

the thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye and carries visual info to the visual cortex in the brain

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18
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over the opposite side of the brain

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19
Q

trichromatic theory of color vision

A

theory that the sensation of color results because cones are especially sensitive to red light, green light, or blue light.

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20
Q

opponent process theory of color vision

A

Color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors. (Red-green) (Blue-yellow) (Black white). When one is stimulated the other is inhibited.

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21
Q

audition

A

Term for sense of hearing

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22
Q

pitch

A

relative high or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wave.

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23
Q

frequency

A

rate of vibration or number of sound waves per second

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24
Q

outer ear

A

part of the ear that collects all of the sound waves, includes the pinna the ear canal and the ear drum

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25
Q

middle ear

A

the part of the ear that amplifies sound wave consisting of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.

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26
Q

cochlea

A

The coiled fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains basilar membrane and hair cells

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27
Q

basilar membrane

A

Membrane within the cochlea of the ear containing hair cells

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28
Q

hair cells

A

sensory receptors for sound which are embedded in the basilar membrane

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29
Q

frequency theory

A

view that basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound

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30
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

31
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

32
Q

pheromones

A

chemical signals that have evolved for communication with other members of the same species called chemosignals

33
Q

olfactory bulb

A

enlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at the front of the brain where sensation of smell is registered

34
Q

taste buds

A

sensory receptors for taste

35
Q

pain

A

unpleasant sensory emotion associated with body harm

36
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

the theory that physiological and psychological factors cause spinal gates to open and relay to the brain patterns of stimulation that are perceived as pain

37
Q

proprioception

A

sense of body movement and position

38
Q

ESP (extrasensory perception)

A

perception of info caused by means other than through the normal process of sensation

39
Q

parapsychology

A

investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilites

40
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Emphasizes sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus. Attention focuses on the parts of the pattern before moving the whole.

41
Q

top-down processing

A

Emphasizes the observer’s experiences in arriving at the meaningful perceptions. Attention moves from the whole to the part of the pattern.

42
Q

gestalt psych

A

School of psych that maintained sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules, producing meaningful whole perceptions or gestalts

43
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

gestalt principle states that perception is automatically separated into the figure, which is the main element of the scene, and the ground, which is its background.

44
Q

depth perception

A

The use of visual cues to perceive the distance of the three-dimensional characteristics of an object.

45
Q

monocular cues

A

Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone

46
Q

binocular cues

A

Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone

47
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the tendency to perceive objects, especially familiar objects, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input

48
Q

size constancy

A

The perception that a familiar object remains the same size regardless of the image produced on our retinas

49
Q

shape constancy

A

The perception that a familiar object remains the same shape regardless of the image produced on our retinas

50
Q

perceptual illusion

A

The misperception of the true characteristic of an object or an image

51
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

a famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward and one with arrows pointed outward

52
Q

moon illusion

A

a visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead.

53
Q

perceptual set

A

the tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular frame of reference

54
Q

Inner ear

A

Part of the ear where sound is transduced into neural impulses. consists of cochlea and semicircular canals

55
Q

place theory

A

different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane

56
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted (distant)

57
Q

Presbiopia

A

Farsighted (nearby)

58
Q

Cataract

A

Tissue in lens becomes cloudy

59
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregular shape of eyeball

60
Q

Nociceptors

A

React to skin temp and strong pressure. Skin temp full below 59 degrees and above 113 degrees.

61
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Contain cold & warm fiber. Cold fibers are 30:1 warm receptors. Cold fibers react less than 86 and warm fibers more than 96.

62
Q

Law of Pragnons

A

The brain seeks simple, efficient solution to a stim (law of simplicity)

63
Q

A-Beta fibers

A

Fast pain system thalamus->thalamus->sensory cortex. Sharp intense short-lived pain.

64
Q

C Fibers

A

Slow pain system, hypo & thalamus -> limbic system (Amygdala) lost lasting throbbing burning pain

65
Q

motion paralax

A

While moving, objects appear to be moving in the opposite direction

66
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detectors that can sense pressure, vibration, and other physical changes

67
Q

webber’s law

A

explain how we perceive differences in things like weight, brightness, or sound. It tells us that the noticeable change depends on the starting point or intensity of the stimulus.

68
Q

volley theory

A

how groups of neurons work together to transmit signals quickly

69
Q

vestibular sacs

A

maintain balance and body equalibrium

70
Q

Akinetopsia

A

motion blindness

71
Q

Capgras Delusion

A

false belief that an identical duplicate has replaced someone significant to the patient

72
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

a condition where you have difficulty recognising people’s faces

73
Q

Synesthesia

A

Synesthesia is a neurological
condition that causes one sense to be experienced through another

74
Q

mcgurk effect

A

The illusion occurs because what you are seeing clashes with what you are hearing. Your brain comes up with some third thing that it believes true reality to be. This is called the mcgurk-a-thon

ACP Psychology (7 decks)

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