Psych Exam Flashcards
What at least 4 myths in Psychology?
Easily recognized as deviant
Disorder almost always due to inheritance
Incurable
Never contribute to society
Weak-willed
Always dangerous
What are the 3 criteria?
Deviance
Maladaptive behaviour
Personal distress
What’s the biopsychosocial approach?
the interaction between nature and nurture caused by biology, thoughts, and the sociocultural environment.
What is The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
What are anxiety disorders?
They are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviours.
What are the 3 main points anxiety?
1.Generalized anxiety disorder – Marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to a specific threat.
2.Panic disorder – Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly.
3.Phobias
What are the two other disorder involved with anxiety?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
(^Component of disorder but different in DSM 5)
What are phobias?
Fear of specific object or situation
Generally aware that fears are excessive but unable to control them
What are shark phobias?
Galeopphobia
What is systematic desensitization?
A type of exposure therapy commonly used to treat phobias that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
What is Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions)
Persistent urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) to control those obsessions
What’s the response prevention for OCD?
When people perform compulsions when they have obsessive thoughts, the compulsions become like superstitions that calm them down
Negative reinforcers
Some therapies get individuals to live through their obsessions without performing the compulsive behaviour
Becomes easier over time
Obsessions become less frequent
What’s Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Disturbed behaviour that is attributed to a major stressor, but that emerges after the stress is over.
Characterized by the following symptoms that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
What are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms?
Haunting memories
Nightmares
Social withdrawal
Jumpy anxiety
Insomnia
What do anti-anxiety meds do?
depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter
What meds can be used for PTSD?
Anti-anxiety meds
What are Major Depressive Disorders?
Long lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, and maintain interest in life
What’s Bipolar Disorder?
Repeating episodes of mania and depression
What is depression?
A mixture of emotional symptoms like sadness, motivational symptoms like lack of drive, cognitive symptoms like negative thought about self and somatic symptoms like loss of appetite
What are the causes of depression?
Heredity
Cognitive
Neurotransmitter imbalances
Freud: strong superego
Rogers: discrepancies in self
What the cause of depression cognitive that results in depression?
Stable, Global, Internal = Depression
What the cause of depression cognitive that results in successful coping?
Temporary, specific, external = Successful coping
What are depressive symptoms of bipolar?
gloomy
Withdrawn
Inability to make decisions
Tired
Slowness of thought
What are manic depressive symptoms of bipolar?
Elation
Euphoria
Desire of action
Hyperactive
Multiple ideas
What does cognitive therapy do?
Focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs
Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk
Need cognitive restructuring
What is Cognitive-behavior Therapy and list some depressive thinking patterns?
Confronts and changes behaviours associated with destructive cognitions
Examples of depressive thinking patterns:
overgeneralization
magnification
all-or-nothing thinking
What’s Cognitive homework?
need to see yourself using these self-defeating thoughts – and notice when you do it – to combat it
What are anti-depressant drugs?
Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.
What’s a brain stimulation therapy?
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a shock that relieves them of depression.
What’s Schizophrenia?
Group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality
Most severe of adult psychiatric disorders
Interferes with the ability to think, manage emotions, & relate to others
NOT multiple personalities
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Unreal perceptual or sensory experiences
Hearing voices when no one is talking
Seeing people who are not there
Delusions
Beliefs with no grounding in reality
I am the messiah
The FBI is after me
People steal my thoughts when I am sleeping
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Behavioural deficits
Impaired social skills
Withdrawal
Blunted affect
What could be the cause of schizophrenia?
People do not tend to show symptoms at birth, but during their teens to young adulthood
Even identical twins both developing schizophrenia only happens around 50% of the time
There are biological factors, but they do not seem to be sufficient causes
What are treatments for schizophrenia?
Family Therapy
Education
Improve communication
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Social Skills Training
Logical countering of hallucinations / delusions
What are antipsychotic drugs?
Classical antipsychotics [chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]
Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.
Atypical antipsychotics [clozapine (Clozaril)]
Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.
What do antipsychotic drugs do?
Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
What are dissociative Disorders?
Splitting apart (dis-association) of experience from memory or consciousness
What are different types of dissociative Disorders?
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
How does DID develop?
Severe trauma in early childhood, child attempts psychological escape through, dissociated experience lead to altered personalities within the same person
What is a personality Disorder?
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning.
What is antisocial personality Disorder?
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoings, even toward friends and family members.
May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Sometimes the person is referred to as a “sociopath” or “psychopath.”
What’s Anorexia nervosa?
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight.
What’s Bulimia nervosa?
An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making it easier to hide.
What’s Binge-eating disorder?
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.
What are the 3 approaches to therapy?
Insight, behaviour and biomedical
What are 4 major forms of insight therapy?
Psychoanalytical, Cognitive, Humanistic and Group-based
What’s psychoanalysis?
Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness
Major techniques: free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference, and interpretation.
What’s humanistic insight?
Maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment)
Key assumption:
People with problems are suffering from a blockage or disruption of their normal growth potential, which leads to a disruptive self-concept.
What’s Rogers: Client-centered Therapy? and what key techniques?
Emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy and productive
Therapists must:
Be non-directive
Be genuine
Be accepting and show unconditional positive regard
Be empathetic
Key Technique:
Active listening (paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings)
What’s group therapy?
a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals
What’s family and marital Therapies?
work to change maladaptive family and couple interaction patterns
What are behaviour therapies?
Group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviours
Three foundations of behaviour therapy:
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
What’s classical conditioning: Aversion Therapy?
Pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behaviour
What’s shaping in behaviour therapy: operant conditioning?
successive approximations of target behaviour are rewarded
examples: role-playing, behaviour rehearsal, assertiveness training
What are tokens in behaviour therapy: operant conditioning?
symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behaviour
True or False: Operant conditioning techniques be used to decrease undesired/maladaptive behaviour.
True
What’s extinction?
– withdrawal of attention
What’s punishment?
adding something aversive or taking away something desirable
What’s modeling?
watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviours
What’s participant modelling?
combining live modelling with direct and gradual practice
What are biomedical therapies and name 3 different forms?
Uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders
Three forms of biomedical therapy:
Psychopharmacology
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
What are the 4 major categories of drugs?
Antianxiety
increases relaxation, reduces anxiety and muscle tension
Antipsychotic
treats hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis
Mood Stabilizer
treats manic episodes and depression
Antidepressant
treats symptoms of depression, anxiety
