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Midterm Flashcards

Week 1-5

1
Q

A theory is

A

Theory is a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that projects a systematic view of phenomena by designating specific interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, predicating, and/or controlling phenomena.

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2
Q

What’s the order of the Nursing Metaparadigm?
a) Grand theories, Practice-Level and Middle Range
b)Middle Range, Grand Theories, Practice-Level
c)Grand theories, Middle Range, Practice-Level

A

c)

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3
Q

What is Nursing?

A

A professional discipline

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4
Q

Disciplines Include…

A

Networks of philosophies, theories, concepts and community of scholar share that make commitments to value, knowledge and proceses

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5
Q

To develop a theory it involves…

A

Viewing is from a lens. Determining components of concepts, inter-relationships of various elements & aspects along with circumstances under which they are presented. Requires both deductive and inductive reasoning.Enables us to more accurately define & develop the focus of our professional thinking (for us, nursing’s thinking)

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6
Q

Paradigm is

A

a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated

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7
Q

Framework is based on

A

Your own thinking/lens. It provides different views
(Referred to asConceptual Models or Grand Theory

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8
Q

What’s the structure of Nursing Theories

A

Metaparadigm, Paradigm, Grand Theories, Middle Range&Practice-Level

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9
Q

Metaparadigm is

A

The framework for nursing that sets forth phenomena of interest.
Very general
Intended to reflect agreement
Most abstract level of nursing knowledge
Closely mirrors nursing beliefs
Provides a context for developing nursing knowledge

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10
Q

What are the four concepts of Metaparadigm?

A

Person or human being
Environment
Health
Nursing

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11
Q

The Environment(concepts) is

A

Human beings’ significant others and physical surroundings as well as local, regional, national and worldwide cultural social, political, and economic conditions that are associated with human beings’ health. does it also include relational elements or concepts associated with milieu

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12
Q

Conceptual Model/Grand Theories of Nursing is

A

Sets of concepts and propositions that provide perspectives on the major concepts of the metaparadigm of nursing
Extra stuff
Reflect values and beliefs of the discipline.
Reflect research and practice approaches.
Provide direction for research.
Less abstract than philosophy
More abstract than theory

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13
Q

Paradigm is

A

Worldview or Shared Perspective
Extra
Reflects the differences within the shared beliefs
More than one paradigm can be accepted within a community
Generally a consensus is usually reached within the community

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14
Q

Totality Paradigm is

A

Known as health even though you are missing something
Humans are seen as integrated human beings with distinguishable dimension
Humans are described as adapting to their environments
Health & illness viewed as states along a continuum

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15
Q

Simultaneity Paradigm is

A

Humans seen as unitary (indivisible, unable to be broken down into separate components)
Humans, as irreducible wholes, viewed as inherently connected to the universe
Humans seen as exiting in continuous mutual process with environment (rather than adapting to environment)
You don’t have everything to be whole, you aren’t considered as whole

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16
Q

Middle-Range Theory is

A

Represent least abstract level of theory development
Derived from specific grand theory in nursing
May reflect the application of theory from another discipline to nursing
May involve testing of specific relationships identified in a grand theory
May focus on exploration of a concept of particular relevance to nursing (e.g. resilience)

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17
Q

Practice Level is

A

Hands on work that the nurses do with their patients
Pertinent to a specific range of nursing situations
Provides framework for nursing practice
Predicts outcomes and impact of nursing practice
Interrelated with concepts from middle-range theories

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18
Q

Philosophy is

A

Set of ideas/knowledge. The love of wisdom

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19
Q

The 5 ways of knowing are

A

Ethical, Personal, Empirical, Esthetic, emancipatory

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20
Q

What equals praxis?

A

Nursing Theory & Nursing Practice

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21
Q

What is Nursing Praxis?

A

refers to the reciprocal relationship of theory & practice

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22
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of Nursing Praxis?

A

Being
Knowing
Doing

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23
Q

What’s the difference between knowing and knowledge?

A

Knowledge is expressed in a way that can be shared with others and may be discipline-specific having met standards of a critique across the discipline.
Knowing is internal to the knower. It’s a range of experiences that are unique to the individual. It acquires personal reflection.

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24
Q

Empirical knowing is

A

Most familiar
How nurses come to know science of nursing
Knowing actual theories, concepts, and principles
It can be verified and tested

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25
Ethical Knowing is
Knowing what’s right or wrong Knowing the moral practice Duty, rights and obligations Guides Nursing practice Essential in day to day nursing actions
26
Aesthetic knowing is
Cannot be taught Through personal practice Your intuition with the way your care for patients Action based Creative and imaginative use of nursing knowledge in practice Nurses express their art of practice through interpretation and guiding use of various theories
27
Personal knowing is
Understanding the knowledge ourselves Clients based relationship First encounter with your patient Creating and building that therapeutic relationship
28
Emancipatory knowing is
Bringing it all together Taking a stand for what is right Advocating for your patient integrating knowing, doing, and being
29
Florence Nightingale's 5 components of environmental health are
Pure air(proper ventilation) Pure water Efficient drainage Cleanliness(Including bathing & hand washing) Light
30
Peplau's Theory is based on
Nurse-Patient Relationship
31
What's the orientation phase of Peplau's theory?
An individual has a perceived need and seeks professional assistance. The nurse helps the patient recognize and understand his or her problem and collaboratively they determine his or her need for help. Development of trust in the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is central and the parameters of the relationship are negotiated.
32
What's the working phase of Peplau's Theory?
The patient identifies with those who can help him or her and attempts to derive full value from the available resources. The nurse supports exploration of feelings to aid the patient. The nurse facilitates development toward well-being through enactment of the roles of the nurse Support the patient from the orientation phase Patient is working towards independence
33
What's the resolution phase of Peplau's Theory
The patient gradually puts aside old goals and adopts new goals Concurrently moves from dependence to independence
34
Nursing Process includes
Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
35
The three layers include
Recognizing cues Analyze Cues Prioritize Hypothesis Generates Solution Take Action Evaluate Outcomes
36
Recognizing cues is
Filtering information from different sources(Sign and symptoms)
37
Analyze Cues is
Linking and recognized cues to the client's clinical presentation and establishing probable client needs, concerns or problems
38
Prioritize Hypothesis is
Evaluating and ranking hypothesis according to priority
39
Generate solutions is
Identifying expected outcomes and using hypotheses to define a set of interventions for the expected outcome
40
Take Actions is
Implementing the solution that addresses the highest prioritites
41
Evaluate Outcomes is
Comparing observed outcomes against expected outcomes
42
Trauma Informed Care is
Approach used for clients who have experienced trauma Focus on client Understanding behavioural response(s) The traumatic experience is individualized and based on personal narrative Realizing, Recognizing and responding, an intervention of approach focusing on how trauma can impact the behavioural response of a clients receiving treatment
43
Short term Trauma is
Event that happens Event /experience resolves itself No major impact to emotional, mental, physical well being
44
Long Term Trauma is
Major event occurring Event /experience resolves itself Can have minimal to major impact to emotional, mental, physical well being Experience can cause triggers, eg. car accident, surgery
45
Generational Trauma is
Trauma that is passed down from generation to generation Can be silent Undefined Covert
46
Historical Trauma is
Trauma based on a major event ie residential schools, slavery, holocaust
47
Trauma Informed Care Approach is
Acknowledging the trauma Recognize how the trauma is impacting the individual Respond appropriately Realizing the prevalance of the trauma. Recognize how trauma affects all individuals within the system Responding by putting knowledge to practice
48
Leininger's Theory is based on
Cultural care diversity and universality
49
Transcultural nursing was found by
Leininger
50
What's Leiningr's Theory?
The Culture Care Diversity and Universality theory focuses on describing, explaining and predicting nursing similarities and differences focused primarily on human care and caring in human cultures It does not focus on medical symptoms, disease entities or treatments It focuses on methods of approach to care that means something to the people to whom the care is given
51
Ethnonursing is
a research method for describing, documenting, and explaining nursing care phenomena by the study of the beliefs, values, and practices concerning nursing care that belong to a specific culture, as reflected by the language, beliefs, and values of the members of that culture.
52
What's the metaparadigm concept of person?
Humans are believed to be caring & capable of being concerned about the desires, welfare & continued existence of others. Human care is collective, meaning, seen in all cultures Humans are universally caring beings who survive in a diversity of cultures through their ability to provide universality of care in a variety of ways according to differing cultures, needs and settings Recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and sociocultural components should refer to families, groups and communities
53
What's the metaparadigm concept of the environment
Included events with meanings and interpretations given to them in particular physical, ecological, sociopolitical or cultural setting Existing forces outside the organism and in the context of culture
54
What's the metaparadigm concepts of Health?
A key concept in transcultural nursing due to weight on the need for nurses to have knowledge that is specific to the culture in which nursing is being practiced It is acknowledged that health is seen as being universal across cultures but distinct within each culture in a way that represents the beliefs, values, and practices of the particular culture Therefore, health is both universal and diverse Not distinct to nursing as many disciplines use this term
55
What's the metaparadigm concept of Nursing?
Care has the greatest meaning which explains nursing Nurses must have sufficient preparation with a transcultural perspective in order to value & practice nursing Developed 3 types of nursing actions that are culturally-based & consistent with the needs & values of the clients: Cultural care preservation/maintenance Cultural care accommodation/negotiation Cultural care repatterning/restructuring
56
The sunrise enabler is
The conceptual guide to knowledge discovery
57
What is caring?
Sense of belonging extra(Milton Mayeroff) We can make order out of and bring meaning to life
58
What are the 8 ingredients?
knowledge, alternating rhythms, patience, honesty, trust, humility, hope & courage
59
Leininger describes caring as?
The central focus of nursing
60
Watson describes Nursing as?
The art science of caring
61
The metaparadigm(person) concept for watson is
: physical, psychological and spiritual; unique and free to make choices; cannot be seen without context or environment
62
The metaparadigm(Health) concept for watson is
as a subjective experience; harmony, or balance, within mind, body and spirit; related to the degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced
63
The metaparadigm(Nursing) concept for watson is
a human science of person and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, Aesthetic, and ethical and ethical human care transactions.
64
The metaparadigm(environment) concept for watson is
family, culture, community, society, etc.; interconnectedness between the person and the environment
65
Watson viewed caring science as
Humanitarian Human science focus on caring The arts, humanities, and science Relationship & connectedness Acknowledges unity of all life Reflective, subjective, and empirical Grounded in nursing but includes other disciplines Has relevance to all health, education, and human service fields and professions
66
Caring moment/occasion is
Caring moment happens with the nurse and the person to be nursed (patient) come together in their wholeness Each brings his/her past, his/her present, and his/her possible future Both nurse & patient bring consciousness & freedom to choose how they will be & what they will do within that moment, while connected at the spirit level  
67
Caring consciousness is
The whole caring – healing- loving consciousness is contained within a single moment One caring & one being cared for are interconnected; caring-healing process is connected with the other human(s) & with the higher energy of the universe Caring-healing-loving consciousness of nurse is communicated to the one being cared for Caring-healing-loving consciousness exists through & transcends time & space; can be dominant over physical dimensions
68
What's the transpersonal meaning from Watson on Nightgale?
Said that Nightingale’s blueprint for transpersonal meanings and models of caring transcend history. Caring “called forth the full use of self, connecting the divine within and without as a source of inspiration as well as the foundation for a professional code”. Watson also said that Nightingale “made explicit the connections between and among all aspects of self, other, humanity, the environment, nature, and the cosmos as a means of learning, understanding, and connecting health, caring, and healing”.
69
What are Intersectionality on Nursing care?
Attributes that are Seen and Unseen.
70
Intersectionality framework and praxis are
Gender, Age, Sexuality, status, race
71
What did Sister Callista Roy create?
RAM and The Conceptual Model
72
Totatality Paradigm is an exemplar of who's theory?
Sister Callista Roy
73
What is the metaparadigm (Nursing) for Callista?
a healthcare profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole.
74
What is the metaparadigm (Environment) for Callista?
Serves as the input that any one person has as an adaptive system. Negative or positive stimuli all stem from the environment, whether those stimuli be blatant (focal), subconscious (contextual), or even unknown (residual)
75
What is the metaparadigm (Person) for Callista?
holistic, adaptive systems made of many parts with internal processes acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes
76
What is the metaparadigm (Health) for Callista?
supported by adaptive responses; defined as a state and a process of being and becoming integrated and whole
77
What are the care concepts?
Coping and Adaptation
78
Adaptation is
Process and outcome by which thinking and feeling are used in conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration
79
Coping is
Coping processes act to maintain adaptation and promote person and environment transformations
80
Implicit Assumptions are***
People that are a bio-psycho-social beings. A person uses innate and acquired mechanisms(biological, psychological, and social) to cope with a changing world Person must adapt in order to respond positively to environment
81
What are the 4 modes of adaptation?
Physiologic needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence
82
Explicit assumptions are
Person that can be reduced to parts for study and care. Nursing is based on causality Values and opinions should be considered and respected Adaptation frees energy that can be used to respond to other stimuli
83
What are the three concepts include in RAM's model
Environmental stimuli, coping processes and Models of Adaptation
84
What's the definition of the environment according to Roy?
All the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior or individuals and groups
85
What are the three factors of environmental stimuli?
Focal, Contextual and Residual
86
What is focal?
Factors immediately affecting the person
87
What is Contextual?
All other stimuli affecting situation
88
What is the residual?
Factors whose effect are unclear
89
the three levels of adaptation are
Integrated adaptation, compensatory adaptation and compromised adaptation
90
Integrated adaptation is
Structures and functions of the adaptive modes are working together and meets human needs
91
Compensatory adaptation is
When the cognator and regular or stabilizer and innovator are activated by a challenge
92
Compromised adaptation is
When integrated and compensatory processes are inadequate, creating an adaptation problem.
93
What are the subsystems of coping
Regulator-cognator (A person) Stabilizer-Innovator (A group)
94
What's a regulator subsystem?
Uses physiologic process such a chemical, neurologic, and endocrine response to cope with the changing environment
95
what's a cognator subsystem?
It involves the cognitive and emotional process that interacts with the environment
96
What's the stabilizer subsystem?
Structures, values and daily activities work together to accomplish the primary purpose of the group
97
What's the innovator subsystem?
Response to environmental change
98
What's physiologic-physical mode of adaptation?
People as individuals interact as physical beings with environment sense: fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance: neurologic function: endocrine function
99
What's Self-concept mode of adaptation?
A composite of beliefs and feelings that a person holds about him or herself at a given time: sense of purpose Involves developing self, perceiving self, and focusing self
100
What's role function mode of adaptation?
Role on people in society filing their needs for social integrity, relating self to others Individual needs to know who one is in relation to others to act
101
What's Interdependence mode of adaptation?
Close relationships of people and their purposes, structure and development

Knowing Through Inquiry (8 decks)

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