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Neuroscience > Psych-Development > Flashcards

Psych-Development Flashcards

1
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Birth - 2 years
Understands world through senses and actions

The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.

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2
Q

Transitional object

A

A comfort object or security blanket that is used to provide psychological comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for children. They are the most common in toddlers and pre-school children, but school aged children often reject them as too “babyish” even if they secretly still have an affection for their object (blanket, pillow, stuffed animal).

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3
Q

II: Authority and Social Order

A

School age
Orientation towards fixed rules. The purpose of morality is maintaining the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society

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4
Q

12-15 month milestones

A

Walks unassisted
(note you would be concerned if child has not walked by 18 months)

Shows separation anxiety (SHOULD BE GONE BY 3 YEARS OF AGE)

Says first words
Shows object permanence

Note between 13 and 18 months (15 months) you will start to recognise yourself in the mirror

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5
Q

associative play

A

3-4

Interacts with others, preference of people, mixed sex groups

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6
Q

6 year milestones

A

Tie shoelaces and ride a 2 wheel bicycle
Print letters (writing)
Copy a triangle
Begin moral development
Begin understanding the finality of death
Begins reading
Begins thinking logically

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7
Q

School aged children (6-12 years)

A

Prefer acting with same gendered children and parent
Little interest in sexual issues (feelings are latent or dormant)
Moral sense of right and wrong develops
Emphasis on rule based thinking and games
Industrious (stickers, prizes)
Capacity for logical through and conservation/ seriation
Metacognition (thinking about thinking) begins later
Complex motor development continues (sports)

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8
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

> 65

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9
Q

7-11 month milestones

A

Crawls on hands and knees
Pull to stand
Transfer toys between hands
Tick up toys with “pincer” grasp - 10mo

Stranger anxiety
Social games such as “peekaboo” and waves “bye bye”

Imitates sounds and uses gestures
Responds to name and simple instructions

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10
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

Before age 9, children begin to show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

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11
Q

2 year milestones

A 
Kicks a ball 
Balances on one foot for 1 second 
Stacks 6 blocks 
Feeds self with spoon 
Negativity “no” and tantrums 
Parallel play
250 words in 2 word sentences 
Names body parts and objects
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12
Q

I. Self Interest

A

Pre-school

Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishments- effort is made to secure greatest benefit for onset

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13
Q

Identity vs Role Confusion

A

13-18 years

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14
Q

Unoccupied play

A

The random movements that infants make with no clear purpose is the beginning of play

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15
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

18-40

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16
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-12 years
Understands world through logical thinking and categories.

The child can think logically about concrete objects and thus can add and subtract. The child also understands conservation.

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17
Q

Metacognition

A

The ability to think about your thinking (“I do tend to have a a lot of preservative thoughts” or “I have unconscious bias”). This is a very high level cognitive process which begins to develop at the end of school age

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18
Q

Freud Anal

A

Anal
2-3
The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowels and bladder)

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19
Q

Freud Genital

A

Genital
11-adult
The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex

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20
Q

Freud Phallic

A

Phallic
3-7
The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and become aware of sexuality

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21
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles

22
Q

empathy

A

Develops early, as soon as toddlers can understand emotional stresses

23
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A

3-6 years

24
Q

III: Social Contract

A

Teens
Mutual benefit, reciprocity. Morally and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone

25
Q

Conventional Morality

A

By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake

26
Q

Freud Oral

A

Oral
0-2
Infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling

27
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

6-12 years

28
Q

solitary play

A

0-2

Plays alone with little interaction

29
Q

18 month milestones

A 
Throws a ball 
Stacks 3 blocks 
Climbs stairs one foot at a time 
Scribbles on paper 
Rapprochement (to and from caregiver) 
Responds to 10 words 
Says own name
30
Q

Formal

A

12 years onward
Understands the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning

The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.

31
Q

4 year milestones

A 
Catches ball with arms and hops on one foot 
Dresses independently and grooms self 
Draws a person, copies a cross
Cognitive play, role play, imaginary play with magical thinking 
Curious about sex differences 
Nightmares and transient phobias 
Good verbal self expression (stories) 
Preposition use and comprehension
32
Q

parallel play

A

2.5-3

Play alongside others but not together

33
Q

Preoperational

A

2-7 years
Understands world through language and mental images.

The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage the child is egocentric.

34
Q

3 year milestones

A

Rides a tricycle
Undress and partially dress independently
Climbs stairs using alternate feet
Stacks 9 blocks

Gender identity
Bowel and bladder control (encorpresis at 4 year and enuresis at 5 year old)
Separates from mother for part of the day
Complete sentences- speaks 900 words and comprehends 3500 words
Identifies some color
Stranges can understand their level of articulation

35
Q

II: Confirmatory and Interpersonal Accord

A

School-age

The “good boy/girl” level. Effort is made to secure greatest benefit for oneself

36
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

40-65

37
Q

Freud Latency

A

Latency
7-11
The child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet

38
Q

Adolescents (13-18 years)

A

Puberty and increased sex drive
Deviations from typical puberty can be painful
Interests: gender role, body image, popularity
Focus on identity formation
Increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviour
Some older adolescents: morals, ethics, self-control
Piaget’s formal operations: capacity for abstract thought
Mastery of motor development with honed skills

39
Q

5 year milestones

A

Catches a ball with 2 hands and skips using alternate feet
Draws a person in detail and copies a square
Romantic feeling about the opposite sex
Over concerned about physical injury
Further improvement in physical and cognitive skills

40
Q

III:Universal Principles

A

Adulthood

Morality is based on the principles that transcend mutual benefits

41
Q

Developmental concepts

A 
Sensory Integration
Survival (physical warmth)
Transitional object
Nap-inducing object
Tactile Sense
42
Q

1-3 month milestones

A

Lifts head when lying prone

Smiles in response to a human face

“Cooes” / gurgles in response to human attention

43
Q

cooperative

A

4+

Play together and share goals, single sex groups

44
Q

Theory of mind

A

First develops around 4 years of age and allows children to understand that other individuals have different thoughts and feelings other than their own. This is a transition out of the egocentric phase of toddlerhood, and allows for empathy to transition to morality (morality = taking actions based on empathy)

45
Q

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

A

1.5 to 3 years

46
Q

4-6 month milestones

A

Turns over (5 mos)
Sits unassisted (6mo)
Reaches for objects
Grasps with entire hand

Forms attachment to primary caregiver
Recognises familiar people

Babbles (repetition of single sounds over and over)

47
Q

Trust vs mistrust

A

Birth- 1.5 years

48
Q

Brazeltons Neonatal Behavioral Scale

Primitive reflexes

A 
Suck
Startle (moro) 
Palmar grasp 
Babinski
Rooting reflex 
Others: clonus, tone, incurvation, crawling, wt bearing, walking, fencing, spin, and head control
49
Q

I. Obedience/Punishment

A

Infancy

No difference between doing the right think and avoiding punishment

50
Q

spectator play

A

2-2.5

Watch other children but do not join in

Neuroscience (11 decks)

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