Psych-Development Flashcards
Sensorimotor
Birth - 2 years
Understands world through senses and actions
The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.
Transitional object
A comfort object or security blanket that is used to provide psychological comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for children. They are the most common in toddlers and pre-school children, but school aged children often reject them as too “babyish” even if they secretly still have an affection for their object (blanket, pillow, stuffed animal).
II: Authority and Social Order
School age
Orientation towards fixed rules. The purpose of morality is maintaining the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society
12-15 month milestones
Walks unassisted
(note you would be concerned if child has not walked by 18 months)
Shows separation anxiety (SHOULD BE GONE BY 3 YEARS OF AGE)
Says first words
Shows object permanence
Note between 13 and 18 months (15 months) you will start to recognise yourself in the mirror
associative play
3-4
Interacts with others, preference of people, mixed sex groups
6 year milestones
Tie shoelaces and ride a 2 wheel bicycle
Print letters (writing)
Copy a triangle
Begin moral development
Begin understanding the finality of death
Begins reading
Begins thinking logically
School aged children (6-12 years)
Prefer acting with same gendered children and parent
Little interest in sexual issues (feelings are latent or dormant)
Moral sense of right and wrong develops
Emphasis on rule based thinking and games
Industrious (stickers, prizes)
Capacity for logical through and conservation/ seriation
Metacognition (thinking about thinking) begins later
Complex motor development continues (sports)
Integrity vs Despair
> 65
7-11 month milestones
Crawls on hands and knees
Pull to stand
Transfer toys between hands
Tick up toys with “pincer” grasp - 10mo
Stranger anxiety
Social games such as “peekaboo” and waves “bye bye”
Imitates sounds and uses gestures
Responds to name and simple instructions
Preconventional Morality
Before age 9, children begin to show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
2 year milestones
Kicks a ball Balances on one foot for 1 second Stacks 6 blocks Feeds self with spoon Negativity “no” and tantrums Parallel play 250 words in 2 word sentences Names body parts and objects
I. Self Interest
Pre-school
Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishments- effort is made to secure greatest benefit for onset
Identity vs Role Confusion
13-18 years
Unoccupied play
The random movements that infants make with no clear purpose is the beginning of play
Intimacy vs Isolation
18-40
Concrete operational
7-12 years
Understands world through logical thinking and categories.
The child can think logically about concrete objects and thus can add and subtract. The child also understands conservation.
Metacognition
The ability to think about your thinking (“I do tend to have a a lot of preservative thoughts” or “I have unconscious bias”). This is a very high level cognitive process which begins to develop at the end of school age
Freud Anal
Anal
2-3
The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowels and bladder)
Freud Genital
Genital
11-adult
The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex
Freud Phallic
Phallic
3-7
The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and become aware of sexuality
Postconventional Morality
Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles
empathy
Develops early, as soon as toddlers can understand emotional stresses
Initiative vs Guilt
3-6 years
III: Social Contract
Teens
Mutual benefit, reciprocity. Morally and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone
Conventional Morality
By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake
Freud Oral
Oral
0-2
Infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling
Industry vs Inferiority
6-12 years
solitary play
0-2
Plays alone with little interaction
18 month milestones
Throws a ball Stacks 3 blocks Climbs stairs one foot at a time Scribbles on paper Rapprochement (to and from caregiver) Responds to 10 words Says own name
Formal
12 years onward
Understands the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning
The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.
4 year milestones
Catches ball with arms and hops on one foot Dresses independently and grooms self Draws a person, copies a cross Cognitive play, role play, imaginary play with magical thinking Curious about sex differences Nightmares and transient phobias Good verbal self expression (stories) Preposition use and comprehension
parallel play
2.5-3
Play alongside others but not together
Preoperational
2-7 years
Understands world through language and mental images.
The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage the child is egocentric.
3 year milestones
Rides a tricycle
Undress and partially dress independently
Climbs stairs using alternate feet
Stacks 9 blocks
Gender identity
Bowel and bladder control (encorpresis at 4 year and enuresis at 5 year old)
Separates from mother for part of the day
Complete sentences- speaks 900 words and comprehends 3500 words
Identifies some color
Stranges can understand their level of articulation
II: Confirmatory and Interpersonal Accord
School-age
The “good boy/girl” level. Effort is made to secure greatest benefit for oneself
Generativity vs Stagnation
40-65
Freud Latency
Latency
7-11
The child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet
Adolescents (13-18 years)
Puberty and increased sex drive
Deviations from typical puberty can be painful
Interests: gender role, body image, popularity
Focus on identity formation
Increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviour
Some older adolescents: morals, ethics, self-control
Piaget’s formal operations: capacity for abstract thought
Mastery of motor development with honed skills
5 year milestones
Catches a ball with 2 hands and skips using alternate feet
Draws a person in detail and copies a square
Romantic feeling about the opposite sex
Over concerned about physical injury
Further improvement in physical and cognitive skills
III:Universal Principles
Adulthood
Morality is based on the principles that transcend mutual benefits
Developmental concepts
Sensory Integration Survival (physical warmth) Transitional object Nap-inducing object Tactile Sense
1-3 month milestones
Lifts head when lying prone
Smiles in response to a human face
“Cooes” / gurgles in response to human attention
cooperative
4+
Play together and share goals, single sex groups
Theory of mind
First develops around 4 years of age and allows children to understand that other individuals have different thoughts and feelings other than their own. This is a transition out of the egocentric phase of toddlerhood, and allows for empathy to transition to morality (morality = taking actions based on empathy)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
1.5 to 3 years
4-6 month milestones
Turns over (5 mos)
Sits unassisted (6mo)
Reaches for objects
Grasps with entire hand
Forms attachment to primary caregiver
Recognises familiar people
Babbles (repetition of single sounds over and over)
Trust vs mistrust
Birth- 1.5 years
Brazeltons Neonatal Behavioral Scale
Primitive reflexes
Suck Startle (moro) Palmar grasp Babinski Rooting reflex Others: clonus, tone, incurvation, crawling, wt bearing, walking, fencing, spin, and head control
I. Obedience/Punishment
Infancy
No difference between doing the right think and avoiding punishment
spectator play
2-2.5
Watch other children but do not join in
