PSYCH begining of ch 6 Flashcards
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia involves memory loss for events prior to an injury, while anterograde amnesia involves memory loss for events after an injury.
What type of studies have shown a correlation between cannabis use and psychosis?
Correlational studies have shown that higher levels of cannabis use are associated with increased reports of psychosis.
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
The hippocampus is critical for the consolidation of new memories from short-term to long-term storage.
What are cues in the context of memory retrieval?
Cues are external stimuli that facilitate the retrieval of memories from long-term storage.
What is the main concern regarding long-term cannabis use?
There are concerns about the potential correlation between heavy cannabis use and increased risk of psychosis.
What is tolerance in the context of addiction?
Tolerance refers to physiological changes that reduce a drug’s effect, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
What is the encoding specificity principle?
The encoding specificity principle states that memory retrieval is more effective when the context during retrieval matches the context during encoding.
What are the components of memory?
The key components of memory include encoding, consolidation, and retrieval.
What are withdrawal symptoms and what do they indicate?
Withdrawal symptoms are unpleasant effects that occur when a drug is no longer in the system, indicating physiological dependence on the substance.
What does long-term potentiation (LTP) refer to in learning and memory?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to the strengthening of synaptic connections, which is crucial for learning and memory formation.
significance of distributed memory networks?
memories are stored across interconnected neurons, rather than in isolated locations, enhancing retrieval efficiency.
What causes age-related memory loss?
accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
What is elaborative encoding?
Elaborative encoding is the process of deeply processing information by connecting it to existing knowledge, enhancing memory retention.
Define the term ‘amnesia’.
Amnesia refers to a stable memory loss often resulting from brain injury, affecting the ability to recall past experiences.
How does cannabis use affect driving skills compared to alcohol?
Cannabis use primarily causes distractibility, whereas alcohol significantly slows reaction time.
What is the definition of addiction in terms of substance dependence?
physiological and psychological dependence on a drug.
Define long-term potentiation (LTP).
increases the strength of synaptic connections, facilitating learning and memory.
What is the impact of cannabis on motor skills?
Cannabis use can negatively affect motor skills and behavior by impairing attention to peripheral stimuli.
What is the relationship between tolerance and substance dependence?
Tolerance is a physiological change that requires increased doses of a drug to achieve the same effect, indicating substance dependence.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories following a brain injury.
What is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis?
Tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis.
What is the process of reconsolidation in memory?
Reconsolidation is the process of updating or modifying previously consolidated memories when they are retrieved.
What is state-dependent retrieval?
State-dependent retrieval suggests that memories are more easily recalled when an individual is in the same emotional or physical state as when the memory was formed.
Explain the concept of sensory storage.
Sensory storage is the initial stage of memory where brief perceptual impressions of sensory stimuli are held.
How does sleep affect memory consolidation?
Sleep plays a vital role in memory consolidation, and disruptions can hinder the storage of memories.
What is retrograde amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events that occurred just before a brain injury.
What is the process of consolidation in memory?
Consolidation is the process by which short-term memories are stabilized and transferred to long-term storage.
What distinguishes dementia from normal memory decline?
Dementia is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by severe memory impairment and cognitive decline, unlike normal age-related memory loss.
What is working memory, and what is its capacity?
Working memory is a limited capacity system that temporarily holds and manipulates information, typically limited to about 7 units of information.
What are the effects of cannabis on short-term memory?
Cannabis can impair short-term memory by causing distractibility, which prevents information from being encoded effectively.
What characterizes psychological dependence on a drug?
Psychological dependence is characterized by powerful cravings and an emotional focus on using the drug, often disrupting normal life.
What are abnormal memory failures and what do they reveal about memory?
Abnormal memory failures, such as amnesia and dementia, reveal insights into how memories are stored and accessed within the brain.
What is the sensory storage system?
The sensory storage system captures brief perceptual impressions of stimuli from the environment, serving as the initial stage of memory processing.
What is the primary difference between physiological and psychological dependence?
Physiological dependence involves physical changes and withdrawal symptoms, while psychological dependence focuses on emotional cravings and behavioral patterns.
What is the function of the iconic and echoic storage systems?
The iconic storage system retains visual information, while the echoic storage system retains auditory information, both serving as components of sensory storage.
What role does sleep play in memory consolidation?
Sleep enhances memory consolidation, as disrupted sleep can impair the storage of new information.
How does encoding function in the memory process?
Encoding is the active process of taking in information and processing it for storage in memory.
How does reconsolidation affect memories?
Reconsolidation allows retrieved memories to be updated or modified before being stored again in long-term memory.
What is the impact of sleep on memory consolidation?
Sleep plays a critical role in memory consolidation, helping to stabilize and strengthen memories for later retrieval.
What are distributed memory networks?
Distributed memory networks refer to the interconnected neurons storing memories in a spatially organized manner within the brain.
What is the relationship between memory consolidation and the hippocampus?
The hippocampus is crucial for the consolidation of new memories, facilitating the transition of information from short-term to long-term memory.
What are the consequences of repeated memory retrieval on traumatic memories?
Repeated retrieval of traumatic memories can lead to reconsolidation, potentially reducing the intensity and emotional impact of those memories.
What is the relationship between memory and emotional states during retrieval?
Emotional states during retrieval can influence the ease of accessing memories, as congruence between the emotional state and the memory context enhances recall.
What are neurofibrillary tangles and their impact on neurons?
Neurofibrillary tangles consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that disrupts neuronal function and can lead to cell death.
What is the impact of aging on memory and brain structure?
Aging can lead to memory decline due to the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, affecting brain structure and function.
How do context-dependent and state-dependent retrieval differ?
Context-dependent retrieval relies on recreating the environment in which the memory was learned, while state-dependent retrieval depends on the individual’s internal state during learning.
What is the significance of elaborative encoding?
Elaborative encoding involves processing information deeply by connecting it to existing knowledge, enhancing retention and retrieval.
How can context-dependent retrieval enhance memory recall?
Context-dependent retrieval enhances recall by recreating the environment or circumstances in which the memory was originally formed.
What is the significance of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process that strengthens connections between neurons, playing a crucial role in learning and memory.
What is the sensory storage system?
The sensory storage system is the largest component of the memory system, where brief perceptual impressions of sensory information are held.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Long-term potentiation is a process that strengthens synaptic connections between neurons, facilitating learning and memory.
What is the impact of cannabis use on short-term memory?
Cannabis use can impair short-term memory by causing distractibility, which prevents effective encoding and storage of information.
What is the impact of working memory capacity on information processing?
The limited capacity of working memory affects how much information can be processed and retained at any given time.
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia involves loss of memories formed before an injury, while anterograde amnesia pertains to the inability to form new memories after the injury.
What are the components involved in memory retrieval?
Memory retrieval involves accessing stored information, often facilitated by cues that recreate the original learning context.
What is short term storage in memory?
Short term storage is a stage of information processing characterized by brief retention of non sensory information, typically lasting less than a minute.
