chapter 3, neuron structure begin

Question 1

Myelin Sheath

Answer 1

Fatty insulation around axons that increases the speed of signal transmission by preventing signal loss.

Question 2

Axon

Answer 2

A long fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body of a neuron to other neurons or muscles.

Question 3

Potassium ions

Answer 3

Potassium ions flow into the neuron, helping to maintain resting potential and restore voltage.

Question 4

Reuptake Channels

Answer 4

Channels that allow the sending neuron to recycle or repackage neurotransmitter after it has finished its job in the synapse.

Question 5

Myelin sheath

Answer 5

Insulating layer on the axon that speeds up signal transmission by allowing voltage changes to jump from node to node.

Question 6

Neuron

Answer 6

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Question 7

Dopamine System

Answer 7

A neurotransmitter system crucial for voluntary movement and the experience of pleasure, implicated in conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

Question 8

Acetylcholine

Answer 8

A neurotransmitter essential for cognitive processes like attention, learning, and movement in skeletal muscles.

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

The junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted.

Question 10

Ion Channels

Answer 10

Specialized channels in the neural membrane that allow ions to move in and out of the neuron, crucial for generating action potentials.

Question 11

Central nervous system consists of?
Is responsible for?

Answer 11

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and coordinating responses.

Question 12

Excitation

Answer 12

Stimulation of the neuron that can lead to the opening of ion channels, allowing ions to flow and trigger an action potential.

Question 13

Graded potentials

Answer 13

Voltage changes in dendrites due to postsynaptic receptor activity, can aggregate to trigger an action potential if threshold surpassed.

Question 14

GABA

Answer 14

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces the likelihood of neuron depolarization.

Question 15

Synapse

Answer 15

Gap between neurons where neurotransmitter signal is sent from the presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.

Question 16

Endorphins

Answer 16

Endogenous neurotransmitters with opioid-like effects that inhibit neural signaling and contribute to pain relief and feelings of pleasure.

Question 17

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 17

Part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, includes nerves and ganglia.

Question 18

Dopamine System
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Answer 18

A neurotransmitter system crucial for voluntary movement and the experience of pleasure, implicated in conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

Question 19

Dopamine Rush

Answer 19

A sudden release of dopamine in the brain, associated with pleasure and reward.

Question 20

Dopamine System

Answer 20

A neurotransmitter system crucial for voluntary movement and the experience of pleasure, implicated in conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

Question 21

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 21

Gaps in the myelin sheath where sodium channels cluster to allow for depolarization wave transmission.

Question 22

Norepinephrine

Answer 22

A neurotransmitter crucial for arousal, alertness, and vigilance in maintaining attention to sensory stimuli.

Question 23

Graded potentials

Answer 23

Voltage changes in dendrites due to postsynaptic receptor activity, can aggregate to trigger an action potential if threshold surpassed.

Question 24

Neuroplasticity

Answer 24

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

Question 25

Resting Potential

Answer 25

The voltage difference between the interior and exterior of a neuron when it is not transmitting signals, typically around -70mV.

Question 26

Synapse

Answer 26

The gap between neurons where communication occurs through the release and reception of neurotransmitters.

Question 27

Postsynaptic Membrane

Answer 27

Located on the receiving side of the synapse, contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters to bind and create excitation.

Question 28

Dopamine

Answer 28

A neurotransmitter related to pleasure and motivation, associated with acting impulsively and mood regulation.

Question 29

Action Potential

Answer 29

A rapid and temporary change in voltage across the neuron’s membrane that occurs when a neuron is stimulated, resulting in a positive spike in voltage.

Question 30

Neurotransmitters

Answer 30

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons in the central nervous system; examples include glutamate and GABA.

Question 31

Serotonin

Answer 31

A neurotransmitter important in metabolic functions, sleep regulation, appetite, and mood; can be prescribed for depression to lift mood.

Question 32

Dendrites

Answer 32

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and conduct them towards the cell body.

Question 33

Refractory period

Answer 33

A brief period after depolarization where it is difficult for the neuron to signal again due to increased negativity.

Question 34

Neurotransmitter

Answer 34

Chemical messenger released into the synapse to facilitate signal transmission between neurons.

Question 35

Action Potential

Answer 35

Voltage change that moves down the axon triggering neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic membrane.

Question 36

Criminality Test
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Answer 36

A test related to criminal behavior, often used for assessment purposes.

Question 37

Glutamate

Answer 37

An excitatory neurotransmitter that makes neurons more likely to depolarize or experience an action potential.

Question 38

Endocannabinoid neurotransmitter system

Answer 38

Involves endogenous cannabinoids like anandamide, binding to receptors similar to THC and influencing pain suppression, appetite, and mood.

Question 39

Neurons

Answer 39

Cells that transmit information in the form of electrical signals and chemical messengers within the nervous system.