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Psych > other PSCH ch 3, 4 > Flashcards

other PSCH ch 3, 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blindness

A

A condition where an individual has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors due to deficiencies in cone cells’ responses to different wavelengths of light.

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2
Q

Deuteranomaly

A

An issue with medium-wavelength cones where they respond, but not in a completely typical way.

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3
Q

Protanomaly

A

An issue with long-wavelength cones where they respond, but not in a completely typical way.

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4
Q

Color blindness

A

A relatively uncommon condition where individuals have difficulties distinguishing specific colors, more common forms include deuteranopia and protanopia.

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5
Q

Opponent cells

A

Cells in the retina that respond to complementary colors and fatigue each other when one type is engaged.

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6
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Component of visual pathway where half the information from nasal portion of each retina crosses over to contralateral side for contralateral representation of visual information.

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7
Q

Top-down Recognition

A

A recognition process that matches incoming visual information against pre-existing templates or stored objects.

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8
Q

Feature-based Recognition

A

A type of recognition where objects are perceived as collections of their individual parts, not as a whole.

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9
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Clinical condition involving face blindness or difficulty recognizing facial characteristics due to dysfunction or injury in the fusiform gyrus in the right side of the brain.

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10
Q

Perceptual Awareness

A

Dependent on the attentional system, where what we perceive visually is limited by our ability to focus attention, leading to potential sensory misses.

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11
Q

Color Vision

A

The ability to detect and perceive different colors through cone cells in the retina that are maximally responsive to specific wavelengths of light.

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12
Q

Cone Cells

A

Specialized photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision. Different populations of cone cells are sensitive to specific wavelengths of light.

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13
Q

Color Blindness

A

A visual deficiency where cone cells do not function properly, leading to an inability to perceive certain colors or distinguish between them accurately.

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14
Q

Cone Cells

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light.

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15
Q

X-Linked

A

Genetic condition related to genes on the X chromosome, making color blindness more common in men than women.

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16
Q

Purple and Blue Distinction

A

Issues with distinguishing between purple and blue colors, especially when blue cone cells are affected in color blindness.

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17
Q

Face Processing

A

Specialized brain areas dedicated to processing and recognizing faces quickly, located in the right temporal lobe.

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18
Q

Associative prosopagnosia

A
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19
Q

Face Recognition

A

The process of identifying and distinguishing faces visually, involving the ability to name, label, or recognize familiar faces.

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20
Q

Receptive fields

A

Specific spatial locations in three-dimensional visual space that ganglion cells in the retina respond to.

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

Area in each retina where the optic nerve projects, lacking photoreceptors, thus creating a gap in vision.

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22
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Pathway from primary visual cortex along top of brain towards parietal cortex for integrating visual information with sensory information regarding physical location.

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23
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

The visual pathway responsible for guiding actions in space, including location awareness.

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24
Q

Aproceptive prosopagnosia

A
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25
Q

Severe form of prosopagnosia where individuals lose the ability to recognize faces because they can’t perceive facial features, leading to seeing gray blur or squiggles instead of faces.

A
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26
Q

Attentional System

A

The attentional system is responsible for focusing our cognitive resources on specific stimuli or tasks, influencing what we perceive and how we process information.

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27
Q

Trichromatic Color Representation

A

The concept that color perception is based on the unique activation patterns of three types of cone cells in response to different light wavelengths, allowing us to see a wide range of colors.

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28
Q

Red-Green Confusion

A

A common form of color blindness involving difficulty in distinguishing between red and green colors due to issues with red and green cone cells.

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29
Q

Anopia

A

Condition where cones are not responsive at all, resulting in the inability to distinguish certain colors like green and red.

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30
Q

Chromatoxia

A

An exceedingly rare condition where cone cells are not functional at all, leading to severe color vision impairments.

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31
Q

Contralateral representation

A

Concept where sensory information from one side of the body is processed in the opposite side of the brain.

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32
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Posterior aspect of brain where visual pathway projects information from retina for color and spatial location processing.

33
Q

Ventral Stream

A

Pathway from primary visual cortex towards temporal lobes for integrating visual perception with stored memories, responsible for object recognition.

34
Q

Bottom-up Recognition

A

A recognition process that involves analyzing the features and components of an object to identify it, requiring more cognitive effort.

35
Q

Image-based Recognition

A

A type of recognition where objects are matched against existing templates, such as recognizing a fruit based on its appearance.

36
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to perceive objects in three dimensions and judge distances.

37
Q

Recognition Pathway

A

The visual pathway responsible for recognizing objects and interpreting visual information.

38
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Sensory adaptation occurs when our sensory systems adjust to prolonged exposure to a stimulus, leading to a decreased sensitivity over time.

39
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

A delusional belief that a family member or close person has been replaced by an imposter who looks identical but lacks the feeling of familiarity.

40
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Inattentional blindness refers to the phenomenon where our intense focus on one aspect leads us to completely miss other important details or events happening in our environment.

41
Q

Maximally sensitive” means what

A

that the firing rate of the cone cells is highest in response to a particular wavelength of light. It does not mean that the cone cells are inactive at all other times with all other wavelengths.

42
Q

Brain Development and Genetics

A

Genetic information regulates neurogenesis and neuromigration, influencing brain development, but adherence to the genetic ‘recipe’ can be affected by environmental factors.

43
Q

Variability

A

Differences among people in a group, like differences in genetic material among individuals.

44
Q

Heritability

A

Heritability refers to the proportion of variability in a trait that is attributable to genetic variability. It is descriptive, not explanatory.

45
Q

Jensen’s Error

A

Jensen’s Error is the misuse of heritability estimates to explain population-level differences in traits. It is specific to populations and contexts.

46
Q

Vision Correction

A

Methods used to improve or correct vision, such as glasses or contact lenses, to compensate for refractive errors in the eye.

47
Q

Empathy and Mirror Neurons

A

Mirror neuron circuits may serve as the foundation for empathy as they activate similarly when observing emotions, potentially aiding in understanding others’ experiences.

48
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Studies where parents and offspring share minimal genetic material, providing insights into genetic variability in a population.

49
Q

Heritability Studies

A

Heritability studies have limitations in understanding traits like intelligence due to genetic contributions varying in different environments.

50
Q

Populations and Context

A

Heritability estimates are specific to populations and contexts, and cannot be generalized across different populations or environments.

51
Q

Nearsightedness

A

A common vision condition where close objects can be seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry due to the focal point being in front of the retina.

52
Q

Fovea

A

The fovea is a region of the retina where vision is clearest, populated exclusively by cone cells. It is important for color perception.

53
Q

Primary Receptors

A

Primary receptors, such as rod and cone cells in the retina, play a vital role in transducing physical stimuli into neural signals for further processing in the brain.

54
Q

Brightness perception

A

The experience of light intensity, which is translated from the amplitude or wave height of light waves by photoreceptors in the retina.

55
Q

Rod Cells

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are most active in low-light conditions and are specialized for detecting contrast and shapes in the visual environment.

56
Q

Environment Influence

A

In optimal environments, heritability estimates for traits like height can be high, while in poor environments, genetic contributions may be negligible.

57
Q

Accommodation

A

The ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects by adjusting the shape of the lens.

58
Q

Purity of color

A

The degree to which a color is saturated with a single wavelength, affecting how vivid or desaturated the color appears to the observer.

59
Q

Epigenetic process

A

An example of an event altering gene expression, such as famine affecting gene regulation

60
Q

Methylation

A

A process that deactivates genes by adding a methyl group, switching them off

61
Q

Heredity vs. Heritability

A

Heredity focuses on tracing inheritance of traits, while heritability studies measure genetic contribution without assessing DNA directly

62
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Twins who develop from the same fertilized egg and share 100% of their genetic material.

63
Q

Heritability Studies

A

Studies that estimate the proportion of variability in a trait, like intelligence, that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

64
Q

Blind Spot

A

Each retina has a blind spot where the optic nerve exits. The blind spot is where there are no photoreceptors, so objects in that area cannot be seen.

65
Q

Mirror Neuron Circuits

A

Neural circuits that are activated by observation of actions rather than performing them, allowing individuals to understand and mimic behaviors they see.

66
Q

Environmental Influence on Brain Development

A

Environmental factors, such as exposure to adversity or toxins prenatally, can profoundly alter brain development, highlighting the importance of both genetic and environmental contributions.

67
Q

Heritability Estimate

A

A statistical estimate of how much of the variability in a trait, like intelligence, can be explained by genetic variability among individuals in a group.

68
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Twins who develop from different eggs and share 50% of their genetic material.

69
Q

Genetic Regulation

A

Traits like plant height are genetically regulated, where genetic makeup influences characteristics such as height.

70
Q

Retina

A

The layer of cells at the back of the eye that receives light and converts it into neural signals for the brain.

71
Q

Histone modification

A

Process where histones control gene expression by winding tighter to prevent expression or loosening to promote

72
Q

Transduction

A

Transduction is the process by which physical properties of the environment are converted into neural impulses, allowing for perception in the brain.

73
Q

Farsightedness

A

A vision condition where distant objects can be seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry due to the focal point being behind the retina.

74
Q

Photo transduction

A

The process by which light signals are converted into electrical signals in the retina by photoreceptor cells.

75
Q

Color perception

A

The result of different wavelengths of light being transduced into neural impulses, leading to the experience of a variety of colors.

76
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Specialized cells in the retina that contain light-sensitive pigments and are responsible for converting light into neural signals for vision.

77
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The optic nerve carries neural signals from the retina to the brain. It is formed by retinal ganglion cells that converge in the optic nerve.

78
Q

Cone Cells

A

Cone cells are specialized for daylight conditions and color vision. They are responsible for perceiving fine details and colors.

79
Q

Rod Cells

A

Rod cells are specialized for low light conditions and are good at detecting edges but not color. They help us perceive in dim light.

Psych (9 decks)

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