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Psych > ch 5 PSYCH hypnosis and psychoactive drugs > Flashcards

ch 5 PSYCH hypnosis and psychoactive drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is suggestibility in the context of hypnosis?

A

Suggestibility is the openness to other people’s interpretations of one’s own experiences.

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2
Q

What type of drug is alcohol and how does it affect the brain?

A

Alcohol is a depressant that primarily affects GABA and glutamate systems.

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3
Q

How can hypnotic susceptibility vary among individuals?

A

Hypnotic susceptibility varies based on individual differences in absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility.

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4
Q

What are the three main factors contributing to hypnotic susceptibility?

A

The three main factors are absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility.

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5
Q

What clinical applications does hypnosis have?

A

Hypnosis can be used for pain management and reducing sensitivity to pain.

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6
Q

How does suggestibility relate to entertainment hypnosis?

A

In entertainment hypnosis, hypnotists often select suggestible individuals to enhance the effectiveness of their performances.

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7
Q

How does suggestibility affect hypnotic susceptibility?

A

Individuals who are more suggestible are more likely to be hypnotized and respond to hypnotic commands.

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8
Q

What distinguishes dissociation from active repression?

A

Dissociation involves an unconscious compartmentalization of awareness, while repression is a conscious effort to push thoughts away.

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9
Q

What is the relationship between absorption and hypnotic susceptibility?

A

Higher absorption capacity increases an individual’s likelihood of being susceptible to hypnosis.

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10
Q

What is the effect of psychoactive drugs on long-term brain health?

A

Psychoactive drugs can lead to long-term damage to brain structures and functions.

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11
Q

How can hypnosis be misused in therapeutic settings?

A

Hypnosis can be misused to recover false memories, leading to potentially harmful consequences for the individual.

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12
Q

What is the difference between hypnosis and drug-induced states?

A

Hypnosis alters consciousness through psychological suggestions, while drugs chemically modify neurotransmitter systems.

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13
Q

What distinguishes the suggestibility of individuals in hypnosis?

A

Individual differences in suggestibility can lead to varying levels of responsiveness to hypnotic induction and commands.

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14
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis is the experience when one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s subjective experience of the world.

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15
Q

What are the risks associated with psychoactive drugs?

A

Risks include addiction, overdose, long-term damage, and disease burden.

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16
Q

What effects do hallucinogens like LSD have on neurotransmitter systems?

A

Hallucinogens primarily affect serotonin and dopamine systems.

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17
Q

What are the risks associated with hypnosis?

A

Risks of hypnosis include embarrassment, orthopedic injuries, and in rare cases, lasting effects if the induction is imperfectly released.

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18
Q

How does hypnosis differ from the effects of psychoactive drugs?

A

Hypnosis is a psychological process involving suggestions, whereas psychoactive drugs chemically alter neurotransmitter activity.

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19
Q

What is the role of the hypnotist during the process of hypnosis?

A

The hypnotist guides the individual through induction, deepening, and suggestion to facilitate the hypnotic experience.

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20
Q

How does the process of deepening enhance hypnosis?

A

Deepening makes the person more suggestible by further relaxing and focusing their awareness.

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21
Q

What is the role of induction in hypnosis?

A

Induction is the initial phase where the hypnotist guides the person into a state of relaxation and focus.

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22
Q

What is a potential misuse of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis can be misused to recover false memories or manipulate individuals into actions they wouldn’t normally take.

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23
Q

What is a common misconception about hypnosis in entertainment contexts?

A

Many people believe hypnosis works universally, but its effectiveness varies greatly among individuals based on suggestibility.

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24
Q

What occurs in the brain during hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis involves psychological changes that affect neurotransmitter levels and alter the individual’s level of awareness.

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25
Q

What is the significance of the induction phase in hypnosis?

A

The induction phase is crucial as it guides the person into a relaxed state of focus, increasing their susceptibility to suggestions.

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26
Q

What neurotransmitter systems do psychoactive drugs affect?

A

Psychoactive drugs alter consciousness by affecting neurotransmitter systems.

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27
Q

What is the significance of the induction phase in hypnosis?

A

The induction phase is crucial for establishing the hypnotic state and enhancing suggestibility.

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28
Q

What is the relationship between neurotransmitters and psychoactive drug effects?

A

Psychoactive drugs alter the balance of neurotransmitters, leading to changes in mood, perception, and consciousness.

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29
Q

What ethical responsibilities do hypnotists have?

A

Hypnotists must ensure they use suggestions responsibly, as individuals under hypnosis will typically comply with commands.

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30
Q

What psychological process is involved in becoming hypnotized?

A

The process of hypnosis involves internalizing suggestions that alter an individual’s subjective experience of reality.

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31
Q

What does the term ‘diminished responses to pain’ refer to in hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis can lead to reduced sensitivity to pain, allowing individuals to endure discomfort more easily.

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32
Q

What does the term ‘hypnotic command’ refer to?

A

A hypnotic command is a suggestion given by the hypnotist that the individual under hypnosis is likely to follow.

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33
Q

What distinguishes a depressant from a stimulant?

A

Depressants reduce neural activity and physiological responses, while stimulants increase them.

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34
Q

What is the role of expectation in the effectiveness of hypnosis?

A

Expectation influences the effectiveness of hypnosis, as individuals who believe in its potential outcomes are more likely to experience them.

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35
Q

How does continuous use of crystal meth affect the brain?

A

Continuous use of crystal meth can cause significant brain damage and cognitive deficits due to its effects on neurotransmitter systems.

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36
Q

What is the impact of neurotransmitter changes during hypnosis?

A

Changes in neurotransmitter levels during hypnosis can alter the individual’s level of awareness and subjective experience.

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37
Q

What is the typical process of hypnosis?

A

The process typically involves induction, deepening, and suggestion.

38
Q

What is the psychological process of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis involves changes in neurotransmitter levels and expectations rather than a chemical process.

39
Q

How can hypnosis be beneficial for individuals allergic to surgical anesthetics?

A

Hypnosis can significantly reduce sensitivity to pain, offering an alternative for those who cannot use traditional anesthetics.

40
Q

What are some potential side effects of hypnosis?

A

Potential side effects include embarrassment, orthopedic injuries, and rare lasting effects if induction is not properly released.

41
Q

What are the implications of suggestibility for therapeutic hypnosis?

A

In therapeutic hypnosis, suggestibility implies that therapists must be careful with the suggestions they provide, due to the potential for compliance.

42
Q

What is the definition of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis is a state of profoundly altered consciousness in which a person is highly suggestible and responds to the suggestions of a hypnotist.

43
Q

What are the risks associated with addiction to psychoactive drugs?

A

The risks of addiction include dependency on the drug, withdrawal symptoms, and impaired functioning.

44
Q

What is a potential misuse of hypnosis in therapeutic settings?

A

Hypnosis can be misused to manipulate individuals or recover false memories, leading to ethical concerns.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of hallucinogens like LSD?

A

Hallucinogens like LSD primarily affect serotonin and dopamine systems, leading to altered perceptions and sensations.

46
Q

Define absorption in the context of hypnosis.

A

Absorption is the capacity to become lost in or completely absorbed by one activity.

47
Q

What is the function of dopamine as a neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine is involved in pleasure and reward processing.

48
Q

What is the role of expectation in hypnosis?

A

Expectations can significantly influence the effectiveness of hypnosis and the individual’s experience while under hypnosis.

49
Q

How can hypnosis be beneficial in clinical settings?

A

Hypnosis can be used for pain management and to reduce sensitivity to pain in various therapeutic contexts.

50
Q

What is the consequence of an imperfectly released hypnosis induction?

A

An imperfectly released induction can result in unusual or altered experiences for the individual for a short period after hypnosis.

51
Q

What are the clinical uses of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis can be utilized for pain management and reducing sensitivity to pain.

52
Q

What is the significance of suggestibility in hypnosis?

A

Suggestibility is crucial in hypnosis as it determines how receptive an individual is to the hypnotist’s commands.

53
Q

What are the long-term risks associated with the use of hallucinogens?

A

Long-term use of hallucinogens can lead to persistent changes in perception and potential psychological issues.

54
Q

Define dissociation in the context of hypnosis.

A

Dissociation is the ability to compartmentalize aspects of awareness, allowing a person to build walls around certain experiences.

55
Q

What is the difference between a depressant and a stimulant?

A

Depressants reduce neural activity, while stimulants increase neural activity.

56
Q

What is the significance of suggestibility in clinical uses of hypnosis?

A

High suggestibility can enable effective therapeutic outcomes in pain management and other clinical applications of hypnosis.

57
Q

What is the difference between suggestibility and absorption in hypnosis?

A

Suggestibility refers to the openness to others’ suggestions, while absorption is the capacity to become fully immersed in an experience.

58
Q

What is the relationship between suggestibility and hypnotic commands?

A

Higher suggestibility predicts a greater likelihood of responding to hypnotic commands, meaning individuals will act on the suggestions given by the hypnotist.

59
Q

What is the impact of hypnosis on free will?

A

Under hypnosis, an individual’s sense of free will is diminished, as they are likely to follow the hypnotist’s commands.

60
Q

What is a common misconception about hypnosis in entertainment?

A

A common misconception is that hypnosis can reliably uncover repressed memories, when it often retrieves false or suggestive information instead.

61
Q

What are some clinical uses of hypnosis besides pain management?

A

Besides pain management, hypnosis can be used for anxiety reduction, stress relief, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.

62
Q

What is the primary role of GABA as a neurotransmitter?

A

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity, acting as a ‘brake’ in the nervous system.

63
Q

How do psychoactive drugs alter consciousness?

A

Psychoactive drugs alter consciousness by affecting neurotransmitter systems, which changes perception and experience.

64
Q

What are the psychological factors involved in becoming hypnotized?

A

Psychological factors include absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility, which impact an individual’s ability to be hypnotized.

65
Q

What is the difference between clinical hypnosis and entertainment hypnosis?

A

Clinical hypnosis is used for therapeutic purposes, while entertainment hypnosis is primarily for performance and spectacle.

66
Q

What is the role of expectation in hypnosis?

A

Expectation plays a key role in hypnosis, as an individual’s belief in the process can enhance their responsiveness to suggestions.

67
Q

How does the deepening process enhance hypnosis?

A

The deepening process further increases the individual’s suggestibility and allows for a more profound state of relaxation.

68
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine in the context of psychoactive drug effects?

A

Norepinephrine is involved in energy and motivation, providing the drive to act on ideas during heightened states.

69
Q

What is the relationship between hypnosis and altered states of consciousness?

A

Hypnosis represents a profound alteration of consciousness, distinct from normal waking states, characterized by high suggestibility.

70
Q

What is the significance of suggestibility in entertainment hypnosis?

A

In entertainment hypnosis, suggestibility determines how well an audience member will respond to the performance and the commands given.

71
Q

How does serotonin affect mood in relation to psychoactive drugs?

A

An increase in serotonin availability enhances mood, leading individuals to feel happier and more euphoric.

72
Q

What is the relationship between absorption and hypnotic susceptibility?

A

Absorption refers to the capacity to become fully immersed in an experience, contributing to an individual’s susceptibility to hypnosis.

73
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on neurotransmitter systems?

A

Alcohol primarily acts as a depressant, affecting GABA and glutamate systems to reduce neural activity.

74
Q

What ethical responsibilities do hypnotists have during sessions?

A

Hypnotists have ethical responsibilities to avoid manipulation and ensure the well-being of their clients during sessions.

75
Q

How do individual differences affect hypnotic susceptibility?

A

Individual differences in traits, such as absorption and suggestibility, can significantly influence a person’s susceptibility to hypnosis.

76
Q

What are the components of the hypnotic process?

A

The hypnotic process includes induction, deepening, and suggestion, each contributing to the effectiveness of the hypnosis.

77
Q

What is the role of the hypnotist during hypnosis?

A

The hypnotist guides the individual through the process, providing suggestions that influence their experience and responses.

78
Q

What distinguishes clinical hypnosis from entertainment hypnosis?

A

Clinical hypnosis focuses on therapeutic outcomes and responsible practices, while entertainment hypnosis often prioritizes amusement and spectacle.

79
Q

How does glutamate function as a neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, increasing neural activity and acting like a ‘gas pedal’ for signaling.

80
Q

How does the suggestibility of an individual affect their experience during hypnosis?

A

An individual’s suggestibility determines their responsiveness to hypnotic induction and the effectiveness of the commands given.

81
Q

How does hypnosis affect memory retrieval?

A

Hypnosis may facilitate memory retrieval, but it can also lead to the creation of false memories due to high suggestibility.

82
Q

What are the risks and side effects of hypnosis?

A

Risks and side effects of hypnosis include embarrassment, orthopedic injuries, and lasting effects in rare cases.

83
Q

What can be the consequences of recovering false memories through hypnosis?

A

Recovering false memories through hypnosis can lead to significant psychological harm and confusion for the individual.

84
Q

What are some examples of psychoactive drugs?

A

Examples of psychoactive drugs include alcohol, crystal meth, heroin, LSD, and cannabis.

85
Q

What is the significance of the deepening process in hypnosis?

A

The deepening process enhances the state of hypnosis, making the individual more suggestible and receptive to commands.

86
Q

What are potential lasting effects of hypnosis?

A

Typically, hypnosis does not have lasting effects, but improper induction can lead to unusual experiences for a short time.

87
Q

What are some historical concerns regarding hypnosis?

A

Historically, hypnosis has been associated with the recovery of false memories, leading to legal and ethical issues in therapy.

88
Q

What are the psychological factors involved in becoming hypnotized?

A

Psychological factors include absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility, which together impact an individual’s susceptibility to hypnosis.

89
Q

What are the implications of long-term use of psychoactive drugs on brain health?

A

Long-term use of psychoactive drugs can lead to addiction, overdose, and potential long-term damage to brain and body.

90
Q

What role does dopamine play in the experience of psychoactive drugs?

A

Dopamine is involved in pleasure and reward processing, contributing to the subjective experience of feeling high.

91
Q

How does the process of induction work in hypnosis?

A

Induction involves the hypnotist guiding the person into a state of relaxation and focused attention.

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